*3]SM? 



DEiPABTMENT OP THE INTEBIOK 

tJNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY 

GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DmilCTOE 



Water-supply Paper 344 



DESCHUTES RIVER, OREGON 
AND ITS UTILIZATION 



BY 



F. F. HENwSHAW, JOHN H. LEWIS 
AJTD E. J. McCAUSTLAND 



Prepared in cooperation with 

THE STATE OF OREGON 

John H. Lewis, State Engineer 




WASHINGTON 

OOVERNMENT PRINTING OPFIOB 
1914 



DEPAKTMENT OF THE INTERIOK 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Dibector 



IYater- Supply Paper 344 



DESCHUTES RIVER, OREGON 
AND ITS UTILIZATION 



BY 



F. F. HENSHAW, JOHN H. LEWIS 
AND E. J. McCAUSTLAND 



Prepared in cooperation with 

THE STATE OF OREGON 

John H. Lewis, State Engineer 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1914 



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ii'i' 



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0. OF D. 

FEB 24 !915 



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CONTENTS. 



Page. 

Introduction, by N. 0. Grover 9 

General features of Deschutes River basin 11 

The river 11 

The tributaries 13 

Lakes near sources of Deschutes River 15 

Stream flow, by F. F. Henshaw 16 

Definition of terms 16 

Convenient equivalents 17 

Accuracy and reliability of field data and comparative results 19 

Gaging stations 20 

Publications - 21 

Station records 21 

Big Marsh outlet near Crescent, Oreg 21 

Deschutes River near Lapine, Oreg 22 

Deschutes River at Allen's ranch near Lava, Oreg 22 

Deschutes River at West's ranch and at Benham Falls near Bend, Oreg. 24 

Deschutes River at Bend, Oreg 27 

Deschutes River at Laidlaw, Oreg 28 

Deschutes River near Cline Falls, Oreg 29 

Deschutes River at Mecca, Oreg 30 

Deschutes River at Moody, near Biggs, Oreg 31 

Crescent Lake outlet near Crescent, Oreg 34 

East Fork of Deschutes River at Crescent, Oreg 34 

West Fork of Deschutes River near Lapine, Oreg 36 

West Fork of Deschutes River near Lava, Oreg 36 

Odell Lake outlet near Crescent, Oreg 38 

Tumalo Creek near Laidlaw, Oreg 38 

Tumalo Creek near Bend, Oreg 40 

Squaw Creek near Sisters, Oreg 41 

Crooked River near Post, Oreg 43 

Crooked River at Stearns ranch, near Prineville, Oreg 44 

Ochoco Creek at Elliott's ranch, near Prineville, Oreg 45 

Metolius River at AUingham ranger station, near Sisters, Oreg 46 

Metolius River at Hubbard's ranch, near Grandview, Oreg 47 

Metolius River at Riggs ranch, near Sisters, Oreg 47 

Lake Creek near Sisters, Oreg 49 

Whitewater Creek at mouth, near Grandview, Oreg 49 

Shitike Creek at Warm Spring, Oreg 50 

Warm Springs River near Warm Spring, Oreg 51 

White River near Tygh Valley, Oreg 51 

Tygh Creek at Tygh Valley, Oreg 52 

Canal stations 53 

Central Oregon canal at Bend, Oreg 53 

Pilot Butte canal near Bend, Ore'^: 65 

Wimcr canal near Laidlaw, Oreg 57 

Columbia Southern canal near Laidlaw, Oreg 58 

McAllister's ditch near Sisters, Oreg 59 

3 



4 CONTENTS. 

Stream flow — Continued. Page. 

Summaries of discharge for principal stations '60 

Duration of low- water period 65 

Comparisons of discharges at adjacent stations 68 

Purpose of comparison 68 

Benham Falls and Bend 68 

Bend, Laidlaw, and Cline Falls 69 

Mecca and Moody 71 

Economic distribution of water of Deschutes River, by John H. Lewis. . 72 

Present and prospective use 72 

Power. 75 

Irrigation 77 

Storage 81 

Domestic supply 82 

Summary .^ 83 

Accuracy of irrigation data 84 

Quality of water, by Walton Van Winkle 85 

Availability of the water supply, by F. F. Henshaw 86 

Evaporation 86 

Duty of water 89 

Return waters 89 

Possible use of water for irrigation 91 

Above Benham Falls 91 

Below Benham Falls. 100 

From Timialo Creek ' 105 

From Crooked River 108 

Possible use of water for power development 109 

Conditions of study 109 

Minimum natural flow available for power 109 

Theoretical horsepower Ill 

Water stored at Benham Falls 113 

Effect of future diversion 113 

Power from water used for irrigation 116 

Power from water stored on Crooked River 117 

Developed water powers in the Deschutes drainage basin, by W. B. Heroy 120 

Bend plant 120 

Crooked River plant ] 21 

White River plant 121 

Undeveloped power sites, by E. J. McCaustland 122 

Methods of development 122 

Market for power 123 

Available flow 124 

Field studies 124 

Sites on Deschutes River 124 

General conditions 124 

Moody power site 125 

Lockit power site 126 

Reclamation power site 126 

Sinamox power site 126 

Oak Brook power site 126 

Sherar Falls power site 127 

Oak Springs power site 127 

Maupin power site 127 

Frieda power site 128 

White Horse Rapids power site 128 



CONTENTS. O 

Undeveloped power sites — Continued. Page. 
Sites on Deschutes River — Continued. 

Coleman power site 128 

Mecca power site 128 

Pelton power site 129 

Metolius power site 129 

Sites on Metolius River 129 

General conditions 129 

Riggs power site 130 

Whitewater power site 130 

Jefferson Creek power site 130 

Jacks Creek power site 131 

Summary 131 

Water rights and appropriations, by John H. Lewis 132 

Old and new water law of Oregon 132 

Value of the water code 134 

Determination of old rights 134 

Water-right certificate 135 

The granting of rights 136 

Protection of rights 137 

Protection of public interest 138 

Riparian rights 138 

State or national control 139 

Land complications 142 

Federal -control through land ownership 142 

Indirect control by the United States 144 

State water-power policy 145 

Rights on Deschutes River 146 

Plan of discussion 146 

Rights under new water code 147 

Old rights determined 148 

Old rights indefinite in scope 148 

Records 148 

Deschutes River at Bend 149 

Benham Falls segregation 150 

Above Benham Falls 150 

Power filings 151 

Summary of irrigation rights 152 

Applications pending 153 

New uses for cheap power 153 

Cooperation 154 

Methods 154 

Advantages 156 

Uniform State laws 157 

Needed legislation 158 

The relation of the Federal Government to the development of water power in 

the Deschutes basin, by W. B. Heroy 159 

Legal basis for Federal control 159 

Water power withdrawals 167 

Development of policy 167 

Withdrawals in the Deschutes basin 170 

Railroad rights of way 172 

Government permits for power and reservoir sites, by N. (\ Grovcr 175 

Classification of lands 175 

Rights of way 175 



6 CONTENTS. 

Government permits for power and reservoir sites, by N. C. Grover — Contd. page. 

Revocable permits 176 

Departmental regulations relating to permits 176 

Final permits 177 

Forms used 177 

Permit granted to the Great Falls Power Co., Montana 178 

Final permit to International Power & Manufacturing Co., of Spokane, 

Wash 187 

Index 197 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Page. 

Plate I. Map of Deschutes River basin, showing position of gaging stations. . . 20 
II. Hydrograph comparing flow at stations on Deschutes River, March 

1, 1910, to February 28, 1911 70 

III. A-0, Plan and profile of Deschutes River from Columbia River to 

Pringle Falls At end of volume. 

IV. A-C, Plan and profile of MetoHus River, mouth to source . At end of volume. 
V. A, CUne Falls on Deschutes River; B, Canyon of Deschutes River in 

sec. 16, T. 5S., R. HE 76 

VI. A, Benham Falls on Deschutes River in sec. 9, T. 19 S., R. 11 E.; 
B, Falls on Deschutes River in sec. 27, T. 18 S., R. 11 E., near 

Bend 80 

VII. Mass curve showing regulation of Deschutes River at proposed Ben- 
ham Falls reservoir for power development 112 

VIII. Power profiles of Metolius and Deschutes rivers 122 

IX. Map of Moody power site 124 

X. Map of Lockit power site 126 

XI. Map of Reclamation power site 126 

XII. Map of Sinamox power site * 126 

XIII. Map of Oak Brook power site 126 

XIV. Map of Sherar Falls power site 126 

XV. Map of Oak Springs power site 126 

XVI. Map of Maupin power site 126 

XVII. Map of Frieda power site 128 

XVIII. Map of Horse Rapids power site 128 

XIX. Map of Coleman power site 128 

XX. Map of Mecca power site 128 

XXI. Map of Pelton power site 128 

XXII. Map of Metolius power site 128 

XXIII. Map of Riggs power site on Metolius River 130 

XXIV. Map of Whitewater power site on Metolius River 130 

XXV. Map of Jacks Creek power site on Metolius River 130 

XXVI. Map showing lands withdrawn by Federal Government in Tps. 3 N., 

to 7 S., Rs. 9 to 17 E. Willamette meridian 172 

XXVII. Map showing lands withdrawn by Federal Government in Tps. 8 to 

17 S., Rs. 9 to 16 E. Willamette meridian 172 

XXVIII. Map showing lands withdrawn by Federal Government in Tps. 18 to 

27 S., Rs. 6i to 13 E. Willamette meridian 172 



CONTENTS. 7 

Page. 
Figure 1. Diagram showing number of days deficient discharge on Deschutes 

River at Benham Falls, May 1 to April 30 m 

2. Diagram showing number of days deficient discharge on Deschutes 

River at Moro and Moody in the nonirrigating season, October to 
April 66 

3. Diagram showing number of days deficient discharge on Deschutes 

River at Moro and Moody, May 1 to April 30 ^7 

4. Diagram showing number of days deficient discharge on Metolius 

River near Sisters for calendar year 67 

5. Profiles of Deschutes, Metolius, and Crooked rivers compared with 

profiles of Columbia and other rivers 74 

6. Mass diagram showing possible manipulation of storage in connection 

with project on upper Deschutes River 99 

7 . Curves of area and capacity for suggested reservoir at Benham Falls . . 101 

8. Mass diagram showing manipulation of storage in suggested reservoir 

at Benham Falls 102 



DESCHUTES EIVEfi, OREGON, AND ITS UTILIZATION. 



By F. F. Henshaw, John H. Lewis, and E. J. McCaustland. 



INTRODUCTION. 

By N. C. Grover. 

In several respects Deschutes Eiver is unique among rivers of the 
United States. Its natural flow is remarkably constant; its head- 
waters afford reservoir sites sufficiently large and so distributed that 
the total flow of the river may be utilized both for irrigation and for 
power; the irrigable lands in the valley, aggregating 300,000 to 
500,000 acres, are so situated on a plateau in the upper part of the 
basin that the total flow of the upper river and its principal tribu- 
taries may be utilized for irrigation; and below the irrigable area the 
river flows in a deep canyon having a fair slope and affording excellent 
opportunities for power development, a reliable water supply being 
assured by the return waters from the irrigated areas above and by the 
lower tributaries of the river. The future use of this exceptional 
combination of abundant water supply, large area of irrigable land, 
and great water powers will transform the Deschutes Valley into a 
region whose agricultural importance will be enhanced by the many 
hydroelectric plants that will furnish power for local use or for trans- 
mission to distant power markets. 

The Deschutes is tributary to the Columbia about 15 miles above 
The Dalles. (See map, PI. I, p. 20.) The mouth of the river may 
be reached by boats which navigate the Columbia through the canals 
and locks at The Dalles and the Cascades. The main line of the 
Oregon- Washington Railroad & Navigation Co. crosses the Deschutes 
near its mouth, and the Oregon Trunk Railway (Spokane, Portland 
& Seattle Railway) and a branch line of the Oregon- Washington 
Railroad & Navigation Co. traverse the canyon and portions of the 
upper valley. Good transportation facilities are assured for the 
principal parts of the basin. 

The mouth of the river is about 135 miles from Portland; the short- 
est distance from Deschutes Canyon to Portland is about 130 miles; 
and from Cline Falls, at the upper end of the canyon, to Portland the 
distance is about 180 miles. A power-transmission line 150 to 160 

9 



10 DESCHUTES EIVER, OREGON. 

miles long therefore appears to be necessary to connect a power site 
on Deschutes River mth Portland. The length of Deschutes River 
from Cline Falls to the mouth is about 160 miles, so that a transmis- 
sion line of that length would connect all the power sites on the river. 

The investigations made by Prof. McCaustland, who has prepared 
the part of this report that pertains to the possibilities of power 
development on Deschutes River, indicate that, after allowance is 
made for requirements of irrigation, a total of 600,000 horsepower 
may be developed. The utilization of the river for power has on one 
hand been facilitated by the building of the railroads through the 
canyon, and on the other hand has probably been made more expen- 
sive by the placing of the tracks at an elevation only a few feet above 
high stage of the river. Such construction has forced on the power 
developments of the future, throughout a large part of the canyon, 
the expense of relocating and reconstructing the railroads to permit 
the construction of high dams, or the necessity of designing plants 
consisting of low dams and conduits leading therefrom to the power 
houses — a type of development that in general is believed not to be 
feasible on the Deschutes, because of the narrow canyon, relatively 
small slope of the river, and the quantity of water to be utilized. 
Except for three power sites in the lower part of the canyon, which 
have been passed by the railroads at sufficient elevation to clear 
proposed dams and fiowage, ajid a section of the upper canyon, which 
is not traversed by the railroads, the cost of future power develop- 
ments on the river must include large items for the relocation and 
reconstruction of the railroads. To make the statement concrete, 
let us assume that the present roads, where they conflict with power 
development, cost $50,000 a mile and that they could have been built 
on the higher grade for $75,000 a mile. The increased cost to provide 
for power development would then have been $25,000 a mile. Under 
present conditions, however, power construction must be preceded 
by reconstruction of the lines at a cost of $75,000 a mile and the pres- 
ent lines must be abandoned. The economic loss is thus the cost of 
the present lines less the salvage of track. Even assuming that the 
central Oregon country needs two competing Unes up Deschutes 
River and that no economic waste is involved in this duplication of 
construction, power development in these sections of the river must 
always bear this double burden. 

The retardation of water-power development effected by this 
handicap can not be estimated. The railroads are built and in 
operation. Neither the railroads nor the Federal Government 
reahzed at the time the roads were projected the economic signifi- 
cance of water power. The relation of the raHroads to Deschutes 
River can not now be corrected except at large cost, but the situation 



GENERAL FEATURES OF DESCHUTES BASIN. 11 

presents a great object lesson of the necessity for the careful study 
of the relation of railroads to waterways and the adjustment of 
transportation and other economic interests in advance of large 
expenditures for construction. 

A part of the irrigable land in the basin has already been reclaimed 
under the systems of the companies operating under the Carey Act. 
The settlement of the lands under these systems has, however, pro- 
gressed slowly until the recent improvement in the transportation fa- 
cilities afforded by the railroads rendered successful agriculture pos- 
sible. The agricultural lands are situated at elevations ranging from 
3,000 to more than 4,000 feet above sea level, and consequently the 
crops are limited in general to forage, hardy vegetables, grains, and 
small fruits. The soil is, however, good though shallow and in places 
broken by lava. An abundant water supply makes the prospects of 
irrigation attractive in spite of the Hmits imposed on agriculture by 
the chmate. The United States Eeclamation Service has joined the 
State in an investigation of the possibility of irrigating the unde- 
veloped land and in a study of the whole problem of utiUzing the river. 
In advance of this investigation it is of course unwise to estimate 
the acreage that may ultimately be irrigated by means of the water 
of the Deschutes. 

This report has been prepared in cooperation with the State of 
Oregon, and the sections on economic distribution of water for 
power, irrigation, and domestic supplies and water rights and ap- 
propriations have been written by John H. Lewis, State engineer. 
These sections contain statements regarding the present status of 
laws relating to water-power development that represent Mr. Lewis's 
personal views on topics concerning which he is pecuHarly fitted to 
speak with authority. His suggestions regarding the pohcy for 
future legislation indicate a loyalty to both State and Federal insti- 
tutions but can not be regarded as representing in all respects the 
views of the officers of the Federal Government with whom Mr. 
Lewis is cooperating in this work. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF DESCHUTES RIVER BASIN.^ 

THE RIVER. 

The conspicuously arid and treeless portion of central Oregon 
merges on the west into a less arid region drained by Deschutes River, 
which carries to the Columbia the drainage of an area comprising 
more than 9,000 square miles, of which more than 6,000 square miles 
lie on the eastern slope of the Cascades. The annual rainfall in this 
area ranges from 10 inches along the main course of the stream to 

1 Abstracted in large part from Russell, I. C, Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of 
central Oregon: U. S. Gool. Survey Bull. 252, 1905. 



12 DESCHUTES EIVER, OEEGON. 

100 inches in the summit of the Cascades near which the river has 
its source in a number of mountain lakes that He just across the 
divide from the headwaters of Willamette River. The course of the 
river is in general northward to the Columbia, which it enters about 
15 miles above The DaUes. (See map, PL I, p. 20.) 

It is a swift-flowing stream of conspicuously clear, greenish-blue 
water, broken by many rapids and cascades, and is a dehght to the 
beholder on account of its beautiful colors, refreshing coohiess, and 
the picturesque and impressive scenery of its canyon walls. It is 
also an attraction to the angler, as its waters are abundantly stocked 
with trout. Salmon ascend its lower portion, but on account of the 
falls do not reach its upper course. 

The flow of the river is more remarkably uniform than that of any 
other river in the United States comparable with it in size, and its 
economic value is almost incalculable. At the mouth of the stream 
the maximum discharge is only six times the minimum. Ocular 
evidence of this uniformity of flow is presented by the low grass-grown 
banks between which the river flows for much of its course. From 
the mouth of Crooked River upstream to Benham Falls, near Lava 
Butte, a distance of about 50 miles, the variation in the height of the 
river throughout the year is not more than 8 or perhaps 10 inches 
where the width is not abnormally restricted. Wooden bridges 
that cross the river in this part of its course are placed only 2 or 3 
feet above its summer-stage surface, and even the amount of space 
thus afforded beneath their floors is determined by the height of the 
approaches and not by the fluctuations in the level of the water. 

The uniform flow of the stream can not be attributed to f orestation, 
for the only timbered portion of the drainage basin is found on the 
eastern slope of the Cascades, and the divide between Crooked River 
and the John Day basin is but sparsely timbered. Indeed the entire 
supply of timber could be removed without in the least affecting the 
flow of the river. The reason for the practically constant volume 
between Benham Falls and the mouth of Crooked River is mainly 
because the river is bordered throughout a part of its course in this 
section by cellular lava which receives the waters that would other- 
wise cause increase of stage. 

Although the winter temperatures are low ice does not affect the 
flow of the streams, for the winter flow is derived largely from springs. 
The high stages usually occur in July and result from the melting of 
snows in the mountains, although occasionally floods are caused by 
chinooks in the early spring or late fall. 

The area drained by the Deschutes is rough and mountainous. 
The agricultural lands consist largely of high table-lands cut by deep 
canyons, through which the rivers flow, ,and small areas of arable 
land' that border the streams. The soil is a coarse, disintegrated lava. 



GENEEAL FEATURES OF DESCHUTES BASIN. 13 

The rocks of the entire area are volcanic and are so pecuHarly porous 
that the basin has the effect of a huge sponge. Elevations within 
the upper basin of the Deschutes range from 3,600 feet above sea 
level near Bend to about 6,000 feet at the summit of the Cascade 
Mountains. Prineville is 2,868 feet above sea level, and Paulina, 
near the upper part of the Crooked Kiver drainage basin, 3,684 feet. 

THE TRIBUTARIES. 

The principal tributaries of the Deschutes are White, Warm 
Springs, Metolius, and Crooked rivers and the West Fork of the 
Deschutes. 

The tributaries of the Deschutes above the mouth of Crooked River 
come mainly from the west and drain the eastern slope of the Cascade 
Mountains. The most marked exception, in reference to direction of 
flow, is Paulina Creek, which has its source in Paulina Lake, situated 
in the summit of an old and de/Cply eroded volcanic mountain about 
35 miles east of the crest of the Cascade Mountains. The Walker 
Mountains, also situated well to the east of the Cascades, send some 
tribute to the Deschutes. The streams just referred to, like the tribu- 
taries of the main river from the west, flow over a region deeply 
covered with pumice and are clear and cold. 

Crooked River is formed by the outflow from a number of copious 
warm springs about 10 miles east of Hampton Butte and flows north 
and west among steep-sided mountains all the way to its junction 
with the Deschutes, a distance of about 115 miles. In its upper 
portion, just after leaving the alkaline marsh in which it rises, it 
receives copious contributions from springs and in its progress rapidly 
increases in volume, even in late summer, when there is no surface 
run-off. It is said to receive contributions from other springs at 
several localities along its course until it nears Prineville. Below 
that town it diminishes in volume, and in late summer its bed near 
Forest, about 12 miles below Prineville, is frequently dry. This 
marked decrease is now due largely to the use of the water of the 
stream for irrigation in the expanded portion of its canyon below 
Prineville, but the stream is known to have shown marked seasonal 
variations even under strictly natural conditions. When the volume 
of the stream diminishes below Prineville it exhibits the character- 
istics common to many streams that flow from the uplands of arid 
regions and suffer absorption and evaporation as they pass through 
the lower part of thoir courses where springs are absent. Owing to 
the absence of saturation at any but great depths, percolation is away 
from instead of toward the stream channels, and such flow as persists 
becomes tepid, more or less alkaline, and unwholesome. Another 
and still more remarkable change occurs down the channel of Crooked 
River about 10 miles northwest of Forest, where springs of groat 



14 DESCHUTES EIVER^ OREGON. 

volume appear in its bed and along its sides. One of these springs, 
conspicuous on account of its large volume, is known as Opal Spring, 
for the reason that in the sands it brings to the surface are kernels 
and grains of opal derived from the basaltic rock through which its 
supplying conduit passes. Other springs come in near at hand, and 
the river quickly becomes a rushing torrent of clear, cool water. 
This conspicuous instance of copious springs rising in the lower course 
of a river in an arid region finds its explanation in the depth and 
wide extent of the loose volcanic debris through which the river has 
cut its present canyon. 

The warm springs feeding Crooked River are of interest not only 
on account of the use that is now being made of their waters but 
because they supplement other evidence pointing to the probability 
that artesian water can be had over a large part of the basin in 
which they are situated. The springs range in temperature from 
60° to 87° F. and are scattered for about 2 miles along a narrow 
north-south belt. Where the waters of the springs are combined 
at the outlet of the valley, they make a creek of warm water, the 
volume of which, by a rough estimate, is between 20 and 25 second- 
feet. The temperature of the water indicates that it comes from a 
considerable depth, possibly 2,500 feet. 

East of Prineville Crooked River flows westward through a rugged 
valley in which outcrops of soft material carrying fossils are reported 
to occur. About 6 miles before reaching the town it traverses a 
narrow canyon with vertical walls of basalt about 650 feet high. 
The basalt is in well-defined layers, with scoriaceous surfaces, and 
at least seven layers are exposed. The stream has not yet cut 
through the pile of basaltic sheets, although a few miles farther up 
its course the underlying rocks are exposed. 

Less than a mile above Prineville the canyon of Crooked River 
becomes abruptly wider, and for 6 miles west of that town has a 
width of 4 or 5 miles, this abrupt increase being due to the presence 
of soft material beneath the basalt. 

For several miles below the town the stream meanders in sweeping 
curves through the alluvial bottom lands and affords fine illustrations 
of the behavior of an aggrading stream. 

Metolius River rises on the eastern slopes of the Cascade Moun- 
tains, in the western part of Cook County, flows northward 18 miles, 
then turns abruptly southeast and east to its junction with Deschutes 
River, 6 miles northwest of Haystack. Throughout its course the 
stream runs in a deep canyon, and its average fall from its headwaters 
to its confluence with the Deschutes is about 35 feet to the mile. 
Its flow is derived largely from springs and is well maintained through- 
out the year. Its water is clear, it carries practically no drift, and 
the formation of ice ^vill probably never be a* disturbing factor in the 



GENERAL FEATURES OF DESCHUTES BASIN. 15 

operation of power plants along its course. It is quite unlike 
Deschutes River in its general character and in its possibilities of 
power development, for sites suitable for the construction of dams 
of greater height than 20 to 25 feet are found at only a few places 
along its entire course. 

LAKES NEAR SOTJIICES OF DESCHUTES RIVER. 

Near the sources of West Fork of Deschutes River and also at the 
head of the main stem of the river, sometimes designated the Middle 
Fork and also locally called Little River, there are beautiful lakes, 
still surrounded by primeval forests, which furnish instructive exam- 
ples of water bodies held by dams built by glaciers or formed by lava 
flows. 

On West Fork of Deschutes near its source is Davis Lake, which is 
retained by a dam of lava. Lieut. T. W. Symons, who visited it in 
1878, describes it as follows:^ 

This lake and valley were about 12 by 6 miles in size and took us completely by 
surprise, as they were evidently in the course of our West Fork and were not on any 
map. Reaching it we found at its southern end many acres of rich grass and bunches 
of tall willows. Following around the west shore to the north end we ascertained 
that there was no visible outlet. We saw the watermarks 20 feet above us on the lava 
bluffs of the northern and northwestern shores, and camping beside these in the night 
we heard strange rumblings in the vast pile. 

We found the next day that these lava beds formed an impassable barrier extending 
unbroken for about 4 miles to the north, and at their end were again surprised to find, 
foaming out from underneath the giant bowlders, the clear, cold river that we had 
seen lose itself in the lake 15 miles or more to the south. 

On the east side of the Cascade Mountains, near their crest, is 
Odell Lake, a sheet of clear, cold water, which receives the water from 
the snow fields on Diamond Peak, the height of which is 8,807 feet. 

Situated approximately 4 miles southwest of Odell Lake is Crescent 
Lake, which is larger and in nearly every way finer than its neighbor- 
ing water body, and Uke it is surrounded by beautiful scenery and 
.magnificent forests. This lake is about 4 miles long and 2 miles 
wide, and its area is not far from 7 square miles. It is retained by a 
strong, well-defined terminal moraine, which sweeps across the valley 
in a graceful curve, presenting its concave side to the west, the direc- 
tion from which came the glacier that built it. The outlet of Crescent 
Lake is at the north end of the moraine that confines it, where the 
outflowing waters have cut a gorge of the same character as the one 
excavated by the stream flowing from Odell Lake. 

The width of the stream is 89 feet, and its average depth on Septem- 
ber 4, 1903, as shown by 15 measurements, was nine- tenths of a foot. 
This may safely be taken as its minimum depth during the year. 

1 U. S. Oeog. Surveys W. 100th Mor. Ann. Kept., 1879, Appendix R, p. 218. 



16 DESCHUTES EIVEK, OREGON. 

Crescent Lake, as reported by frontiersmen familiar with it, rises 
in March and April about 10 inches above its lowest stage, which 
occurs in September. These statements are in harmony with the 
evidence furnished by the beaches about the borders of the lake and 
by the downward Hmit of vegetation on its shores. Not only is 
Crescent Lake larger than Odell Lake, but the area of mountainous 
land draining to it is greater, while the rainfall is essentially the same, 
each lake receiving some of the precipitation falling on Diamond 
Peak, the highest elevation in the region. # 

STREAM FLOW. 

By F. F. Henshaw. 
DEFINITION OF TERMS. 

The volume of water flowing in a stream — the ''run-off^' or '^ dis- 
charge" — is expressed in various terms, each of which has become 
associated with a certain class of work. These terms may be divided 
into two groups: (1) Those which represent a rate of flow, as second- 
feet, gallons per minute, miner's inches, and discharge in second- 
feet per square mile; and (2) those which represent the actual quan- 
tity of water, as run-off in depth in inches, acre-feet, and millions of 
cubic feet. The units used in this report are second-foot, second-feet 
per square mile, run-off in inches, acre-foot, and millions of cubic feet. 
They may be deflned as follows : 

''Second-foot" is an abbreviation for ''cubic foot per second" 
and is a unit for the rate of discharge of water flowing in a stream. 
A second-foot is the rate of discharge of water flowing in a channel of 
rectangular cross section 1 foot wide and 1 foot deep at an average 
velocity of 1 foot a second. It is generally used as a fundamental 
unit from which others are computed by the use of the factors given 
in the tables of convenient equivalents (pp. 17-18). 

"Second-foot per square mile" is used as a measure of the average 
number of cubic feet of water flowing per second from each square 
mile of area drained, on the assumption that the run-off is distributed 
uniformly both as regards time and area. 

"Run-off (depth in inches)" is the depth to which the drainage 
area would be covered if all the water flowing from it in a given period 
were conserved and uniformly distributed on the surface. It is used 
for comparing run-off with rainfall, which is usually expressed in 
depth in inches. 

An "acre-foot" is equivalent to 43,560 cubic feet and is the 
quantity that would be required to cover an acre to the depth of 
1 foot. The term is commonly used in connection with storage for 
irrigation. 



STKEAM FLOW. 



17 



''Millions of cubic feet" is a unit used to express quantities of 
water stored in reservoirs, and is most frequently used in studies of 
flood control. 

The following terms used in these reports are not in very common 
use and may be defined as follows : 

'^Control/' ''controlling section," and "point of control" are terms 
used to designate that cross section of the stream below the gage 
which controls or regulates the height of the water surface at the gage. 
It should be noted that the control may not be the same cross section 
at all stages. 

"Discharge relation" is an abbreviation for the term "relation of 
gage height to discharge." 

The "point of zero flow" for a given gaging station is that point 
on the gage — the gage height — to which the surface of the river would 
fall if there were no flow. 



CONVENIENT EQUIVALENTS. 

The following tables furnish convenient equivalents for use in 
hydraulic computations : 



Table for converting discharge in second-feet per square 

over the area. 



into run-off in depth in inches 



Discharge 
in second- 
feet per 
square mile. 


Run-off in inches. 


Iday. 


28 days. 


29 days. 


30 days. 


31 days. 


1 


0.03719 
.07438 
. 11157 
. 14876 
.18595 
. 22314 
.26033 
.29752 
.33471 


1.041 
2.083 
3.124 
4. 165 
5.207 
6.248 
7.289 
8.331 
9.372 


1.079 
2.157 
3.236 
4.314 
5.393 
6.471 
7.550 
8.628 
9.707 


1.116 
2.231 
3.347 
4.463 
5.578 
6.694 
7.810 
8.926 
10. 041 


1.153 
2.306 
3.459 
4.612 
5.764 
6.917 
8.070 
9.223 
10.376 


2 


3 


4 


5 . .. 


6 


7 


8 


9.. 









Note.— For part of a month multiply the values for one day by the number of days. 

Table for converting discharge in second-feet into run-off in acre-feet. 



in second- 
feet. 


Run-ofl in acre-feet. 


Iday. 


28 days. 


29 days. 


30 days. 


31 days. 


1 


1.983 
3.967 
5.950 
7.934 
9.917 
11.90 
13.88 
15.87 
17.85 


55.54 
111.1 
166.6 
222.1 
277.7 
333.2 
388.8 
444.3 
499. 8 


57.52 
115.0 
172.6 
230.1 
287.6 
345.1 
402.6 
460.2 
517.7 


59.50 
119.0 
178.5 
238.0 
297. 5 
357.0 
416. 5 
476.0 
535.5 


61.49 
123.0 
184.5 
246.0 
307.4 
368.9 
430.4 
491.9 
553. 4 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 





Note.— For part of a month multiply the values for one day by the number of days. 
48348°— wsp 344—14 2 



18 



DESCHUTES RIVER, OREGON. 



Table for converting discharge in second-feet into run-off in millions of cubic feet. 



Discharge 
in second- 
feet. 


Run-off in millions of cubic feet. 


1 day. 


28 days. 


29 days. 


30 days. 


31 days. 


1 


0. 0864 
.1728 
.2592 
.3456 
.4320 
.5184 
.6048 
.6912 
.7776 


2.419 
4.838 
7.257 
9.676 
12. 095 
14. 514 
16. 933 
19. 352 
21. 771 


2.506 
5.012 
7.518 
10. 024 
12. 530 
15. 036 
17. 542 
20. 048 
22.554 


2.592 
5.184 
7.776 
10. 368 
12. 960 
15. 552 
18. 144 
20. 736 
23.328 


2.678 
5.356 
8.034 
10. 712 
13. 390 
16. 068 
18. 746 
21. 424 
24. 102 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 




8 


9 





Note. — For part of a month multiply the values for 1 day by the number of days. , 

1 second-foot equals 40 California miner's inches (law of March 23, 1901). 

1 second-foot equals 38.4 Colorado miner's inches. 

1 second-foot equals 40 Arizona miner's inches. 

1 second-foot equals 7.48 United States gallons per second; equals 448.8 gallons per 
minute; equals 646,317 gallons for one day. 

1 second-foot for one year covers 1 square mile 1.131 feet or 13.572 inches deep. 

1 second-foot for one year equals 31,536,000 cubic feet. 

1 second-foot equals about 1 acre-inch per hour. 

1 second-foot for one day equals 86,400 cubic feet. 

1,000,000,000 (1 United States billion) cubic feet equals 11,570 second-feet for one 
day. 

1,000,000,000 cubic feet equals 414 second-feet for one 28-day month. 

1,000,000,000 cubic feet equals 399 second-feet for one 29-day month. 

1,000,000,000 cubic feet equals 386 second-feet for one 30-day month. 

1,000,000,000 cubic feet equals 373 second-feet for one 31-day month. 

100 California miner's inches equals 18.7 United States gallons per second. 

100 California miner's inches for one day equals 4.96 acre-feet. 

100 Colorado miner's inches equals 2.60 second-feet. 

100 Colorado miner's inches equals 19.5 United States gallons per second. 

100 Colorado miner's inches for one day equals 5.17 acre-feet. 

100 United States gallons per minute equals 0.223 second-foot. 

100 United States gallons per minute for one day equals 0.442 acre-foot. 

1,000,000 United States gallons per day equals 1.55 second-feet. 

1,000,000 United States gallons equals 3.07 acre-feet. 

1,000,000 cubic feet equals 22.95 acre-feet. 

1 acre-foot equals 325,850 gallons. 

1 inch deep on 1 square mile equals 2,323,200 cubic feet. 

1 inch deep on 1 square mile equals 0.0737 second-foot per year. 

1 foot equals 0.3048 meter. 

1 mile equals 1.60935 kilometers. 

1 mile equals 5,280 feet. 

1 acre equals 0.4047 hectare. 

1 acre equals 43,560 square feet. 

1 acre equals 209 feet square, nearly. 

1 square mile equals 2.59 square kilometers. 

1 cubic foot equals 0.0283 cubic meter. ' 

1 cubic foot of water weighs 62.5 pounds. 

1 cubic meter per minute equals 0.5886 second-foot. 

1 horsepower equals 550 foot-pounds per second. 

1 horsepower equals 76.0 kilogram-meters per second. 



i 



STKEAM FLOW. 19 

1. horsepower equals 746 watts. 

1 horsepower equals 1 second-foot falling 8.80 feet. 

IJ horsepower equals about 1 kilowatt. 

^ , , . ,, Sec.-ft.X fall in feet . , 

To calculate water power quickly: ^t — ^®^ horsepower on water 

wheel realizing 80 per cent of theoretical power. 

ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF FIELD DATA AND COMPARATIVE 

RESULTS. 

The accuracy of stream-flow data depends primarily on the natural 
conditions at the gaging station and on the methods and care with 
which the data are collected. Errors of the first group depend on 
the permanency of channel and on the permanency of the relation 
between, discharge and stage. Errors of the second group are due, 
first, to errors in observation of stage; second, to errors in measure- 
ments of flow; and, third, to errors due to misinterpretation of stage 
and flow data. 

The base data for the tables of monthly discharge presented in this 
report, unless otherwise stated in description of station, have been 
collected by the methods commonly used at current-meter gaging 
stations and described in standard textbooks. 

In the table of monthly discharge the column headed ''Maximum" 
gives the mean flow, as determined from the rating table, for the day 
when the mean gage height was highest. As the gage height is the 
mean for the day, it does not indicate correctly the stage when the 
water surface was at crest height and the corresponding discharge 
was consequently larger than given in the maximum column. Like- 
wise, in the column of '' Minimum," the quantity given is the mean flow 
for the day when the mean gage height was lowest. The column 
headed ''Mean" is the average flow in cubic feet for each second 
during the month. 

The accuracy column in the monthly discharge table does not 
apply to the maximum or minimum nor to any individual day, but 
to- the monthly mean. It is based on the accuracy of the rating 
curve, the probable reliability of the observer, the number of gage 
readings per day, the range of the fluctuation in stage, and knowl- 
edge of local conditions. In this column, A indicates that the mean 
monthly flow is probably accurate within 5 per cent; B, within 10 
per cent; C, within 15 per cent; D, within 25 per cent. Special 
conditions are covered by footnotes. 

Even though the monthly means for any station may represent 
with a high degree of accuracy the quantity of water flowing past the 
gage, the figures showing discharge per square mile and depth of run- 
off in inches may be subject to gross errors which result fi'om inckiding 
in the measured drainage area large noncontributing districts, or 
omitting estimates of water diverted for irrigation or other use. On 



20 DESCHUTES EIVEK, OREGON. 

this account the computations of "second-feet per square mile" and 
''run-off (depth in inches)" are not here pubUshed. All values of 
''second-feet per square mile" and "run-off (depth in inches)" pre- 
viously published by the Survey should be used with caution. 

In general, the base data collected each year by the Survey engi- 
neers are published not only to comply with the law but also to 
afford any engineer the means of examining and adjusting to his 
own needs the results of the computations. The table of monthly 
discharge is so arranged as to give only a general idea of the flow at 
the station and should not be used for other than preliminary esti- 
mates. The determinations of daily discharge allow more detailed 
studies of the variation in flow by which the period of deficiency 
may be determined. 

It should be borne in mind that the observations in each succeeding 
year may be expected to throw new light on data already collected 
and published, and the engineer who makes use of the figures pre- 
sented in these papers should verify all ratings and make such adjust- 
ments for earlier years as may seem necessary. 

GAGING STATIONS. 

The following is a list of gaging stations that have been maintained 
in the Deschutes River basin by the United States Geological Survey 
and cooperating parties. The stations are arranged in downstream 
order, stations from source to mouth of the main stem of the river 
being first listed and then those on the tributaries from source to 
mouth, the streams in each tributary basin being listed before those 
of the next basin below. The positions of the gaging stations are 
indicated on the map, Plate I. 

Big Marsh outlet near Crescent, 1912- 

Deschutes River near Lapine, 1910- 

Deschutes River at Allen's ranch, near Lava, 1905- 

Deschutes River at West's ranch, near Lava, 1906-1909. 

Deschutes River at Benham Falls, near Bend, 1909- 

Deschutes River at Bend, 1904- 

Deschutes River at Laidlaw, 1909-1912. 

Deschutes River near Cline Falls, 1910- 

Deschutes River at Mecca, 1911- 

Deschutes River near Moro, 1897-1899. 

Deschutes River at Moody (Biggs), 1906- 

Crescent Lake outlet near Crescent, 1912- , 

East Fork of Deschutes River near Crescent, 1904-1908; 1910- 

West Fork of Deschutes River near Lapine, 1910- 

West Fork of Deschutes River near Lava, 1905-1907; 1909- 
Odell Lake outlet near Crescent, 1912- 

Tumalo Creek near Laidlaw, 1906- 

Tumalo Creek near Bend, 1906- 

Squaw Creek near Sisters, 1906- 



WATFR-SUPPLY PAPER 344 PLATE 




MAP OF DESOHUTBS EIVER BASIN, SHOWING POSITION OF GAOING STATIONS 



STREAM FLOW. 



21 



Crooked River near Post, 1908-1911. 

Crooked River near Prineville, 1908- 

Ochoco Creek near Prineville, 1908-1910. 

Metolius River at Allingham ranger station, near Sisters, 1910- 

Metolius River at Hubbard's ranch, near Grandview, 1910- 

Metolius River at Riggs ranch, near Sisters, 1908-1912. 
Lake Creek near Sisters, 1911- 
Whitewater Creek near Sisters, 1911- 

Shitike Creek at Warm Spring, 1911- 

Warm Springs River near Warm Spring, 1911- 

White River near Tygh Valley, 1911- 

Tygh Creek at Tygh Valley, 1911- 
Central Oregon canal near Bend, 1905- 
Pilot Butte canal near Bend, 1905- 
Wimer canal near Sisters, 1906- 
Columbia Southern canal near Sisters, 1906- 
McAllister's ditch near Sisters, 1909- 

PUBLICATIONS. 

The results of stream-measurenient work in the Deschutes River 
basin have appeared in the following reports of the United States Geo- 
logical Survey: Nineteenth Annual Report, Part IV; Twentieth 
Annual Report, Part IV; Twenty-first Annual Report, Part IV, 
Water-Supply Papers 16, 28, 38, 39, 51, 66, 75, 85, 100, 135, 178, 214, 
252, 272, 292, 312,^ 332,^ 362.i 

STATION RECORDS. 

BIG MARSH OUTLET NEAR CRESCENT, OREG 

Location. — At Hoey's (formerly Royce's) ranch, known as Dellcrest, one-fourth mile 
above junction with Crescent Lake outlet, 14 miles west of Crescent, Greg., in 
NE. I sec. 20, T. 24 S., R. 7 E. 

Records available. — April 8 to December 31, 1912. 

Drainage area. — 50 square miles. 

Gage .^Vertical staff driven into stream bed on right bank. 

Channel. — Cemented gravel; permanent. 

Discharge measurements. — Made from private wagon bridge or by wading. 

Winter jlow. — Materially affected by ice for several weeks. 

Accuracy. — Results uncertain for high stage on account of missing gage readings and 
lack of flood measurements. Low-water estimates are excellent. 

Monthly discharge of Big Marsh outlet, near Crescent, Oreg.,for 1912. 



Month. 


Discharge in second-feet. 


Run-off 
(in acre- 
feet). 


Aocu- 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


racy. 


April 


165 
297 
297 
180 
50 
50 
50 
99 
50 


97 
170 
186 
50 
35 
35 
28 
35 
35 


122 

246 

263 
94.2 
41. 
38.4 
35.5 
68.3 
44.9 


7,260 
15,100 
15,6(X1 
5,790 
2,710 
2,280 
2,180 
4,060 
2,760 


B 


May 


B. 


.Tnnft, 


c 


July 


B. 


Aupust 


A 


September 


A. 


October 


A 


November 


A. 


December 


B. 






The period 








67,700 
















1 In preparation as this report goes to press. 



22 



DESCHUTES EIVER, OREGON. 



DESCHUTES RIVER NEAR LAPINE, OREG. 

Location. — At the Rosland ranger station, 1| miles below the wagon bridge at Ros- 

land, in sec. 2, T. 22 S., R. 10 E. 
Records available. — September 22, 1910, to December 31, 1912; incomplete. 
Drainage area. — Not measured. 

Gage. — Vertical staff. During 1910 a staff on highway bridge was read. 
Channel. — Sand and clay; not likely to shift. 
Discharge measurements.— Made from the downstream rail of the highway bridge 

at Rosland, 1| miles above the gage, or by wading. 
Winter flow. — Materially affected by ice. 
Accuracy. — Open-channel curve well defined. 
Cooperation. — Gage readings have been furnished by the United States Forest 

Service. 

Monthly discharge of Deschutes River, near Lapine, Oreg.,for 1910-191 £. 



Month. 



September 22-30. 

October 

November 

December 



1910. 



April... 
August. 



1911. 



March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 



1912. 



The period. 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximum. Minimum. 



131 
192 
330 



470 

158 



232 



700 
760 



218 
194 



112 
113 
114 
165 



218 
114 



156 
182 
356 
500 
222 
158 
138 



118 
137 
184 
255 



301 
130 



185 
268 
540 
668 
339 
185 
157 



Run-off 
(in acre- 
feet). 



2,110 
8,420 
10,900 
15,700 



17,900 
7,990 



11, 400 
15,900 
33,200 
39,700 
20,800 
11,400 
9.340 



142,000 



Accu- 
racy. 



DESCHUTES RIVER AT ALLEN S RANCH, NEAR LAVA, OREG. 

Location.— In the SW. i SW. i sec. 8, T. 20 S., R. 11 E., on C. B. Allen's ranch, 

about 1 mile north of Lava, Oreg., and about half a mile above the mouth of 

West Fork of Deschutes River, 18 miles south of Bend. 
Records available.— February 17, 1905, to January 4, 1908; March 1, 1908, to May 

4, 1912. 
Drainage area. — Indeterminate. 
Gage. — Inclined staff on east bank of river; datum remained unchanged until 1912; 

readings for that year refer to a datum 0.10 foot higher than previously. 
Channel. — Clay; considerable growth of weeds during summer months. 
Discharge measurements. — Made from a cable about 50 feet below the gage. 
Winter flow. — Gage heights are rather seriously affected by ice during the winter 

months. 
Accuracy. — Records are not so accurate as they should be, owing to weeds that grow 

in the river in the vicinity of the station during the summer months, and to 

possible shifting of the channel. 



I 



STEEAM FLOW. 23 

Monthly discharge of Deschutes River at Allen^s ranch, near Lava, Oreg., for 1905-1912. 



Month. 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximum. 



Minimum. 



Mean. 



Run-off 
(total iu 
acre-feet). 



Accu- 
racy. 



1905. 



February 17-28. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 



382 
317 
317 
294 
196 
125 
97 



The period. 



October — 
November. 
December.. 
January... 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 



1905-6. 



115 
102 
115 
223 
160 
180 
544 
559 
483 
294 
135 
120 



The year. 



559 



October — 
November. 
December . 
January . . . 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 



1906-7. 



115 
188 
205 
329 
,890 
513 
770 
810 
676 
410 
252 
223 



The year. 



October — 
November. 
December.. 
January . . . 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 



1907-8. 



173 

188 
624 



485 
687 
592 
452 



242 



The year. 



October.... 
November. 
December.. 
January . . . 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 



1908-9. 



340 
262 
214 



262 
498 
559 
575 
329 
188 
166 



The year. 



262 
283 
242 
252 
205 
115 
93 



319 
274 
278 
241 
141 
107 



97 
79 
82 
120 
97 
106 
147 
329 
294 
141 
106 
102 



79 



97 
89 
115 
115 
329 
242 
294 
608 
410 
252 
205 
173 



154 
141 
160 



154 
223 
283 
262 
180 
125 
120 



115 
154 
160 



173 
205 
329 
355 
196 
141 
130 



100 
90.6 
99.2 

166 

123 

136 

332 

445 

369 

220 

122 

108 



193 



103 
137 
144 
220 
793 
345 
570 
696 
558 
330 
227 
196 



360 



161 
157 
287 
a 300 
a 170 
271 
407 
416 
339 
254 
139 
141 



254 



174 
180 
180 
a 150 
a 200 
203 
355 
458 
4S8 
264 
160 
143 



246 



7,280 

19,600 

16, 300 

17, 100 

14,300 

8,670 

6,580 

5,410 



95, 200 



6,150 

5,390 

6,100 

10, 200 

6,830 

8,360 

19, 800 

27, 400 

22, 000 

13,500 

7,500 

6,430 



140, 000 



6,330 
8,150 
8,850 
13,500 
44,000 
21,200 
33,900 
42, 800 
33,200 
20,300 
14,000 
11,700 



258, 000 



9,900 

9,340 

17,600 

18,400 

9,780 

16,700 

24,200 

25, 600 

20, 200 

15, 600 

8,550 

8,390 



184,000 



10, 700 
10,700 
11,100 
9, 220 
11,100 
12, 500 
21,100 
28, 200 
29,000 
16,200 
9. S 10 
8.510 



178,000 



o Estimated. 



24 



DESCHUTES RIVER, OREGON. 



Monthly discharge of Deschutes River at Allen's ranch, near Lava, Oreg.,for 1905-1912 — 

Continued. 



Month. 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximum. Minimum. 



Run-off 
(total in 
acre-feet). 



Accu- 
racy. 



October — 
November. 
December.. 
January . . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 



1909-10. 



The year. 



October 

November. 
December.. 
January... 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 



1910-11. 



The year. 



October — 
November. 
December. . 
January... 
February. . 

March 

April 



1911-12. 



The period. 



141 
2,150 
1,310 



1,030 
591 



223 
154 
147 



173 
272 

468 



196 
410 
528 
559 
382 
141 



141 
223 
147 
355 
565 
245 
380 



120 
115 

439 



528 
468 
382 
223 
160 
135 
125 



115 
115 
135 



147 
188 
382 
355 
147 
106 
110 



106 
97 
97 
108 
195 
152 
165 



130 
556 
748 
a 350 
o350 
712 
502 
516 
289 
185 
142 
132 



384 



138 
162 
229 
& 150 
&170 
174 
256 
416 
487 
226 
125 
128 



222 



118 
143 
114 
240 
299 
179 
270 



7,990 
33,100 
46,000 
21, 500 
19,400 
43,800 
29,900 
31,700 
17,200 
11,400 
8,730 
7,860 



279,000 



8,480 

9,640 

14, 100 

9,220 

9,440 

10,700 

15, 200 

25, 600 

29,000 

13,900 

7,690 

7,620 



161,000 



7,260 
8,510 
7,010 
14,800 
17,200 
11,000 
16, 100 



81,900 



a Estimated. 

b Estimated from measurement of Jan. 22 and studies of discharge at other stations. 

Note.— Corrections have been made for effect of ice during the periods Jan. 1 to Feb. 28 and Dec. 23 to 26, 
1909; Jan. 1 to Feb. 28 and Mar. 5, 1910; Jan. 1 to Mar. 13 and Dec. 22 to 31, 1911; Jan. 1 to Mar. 7, 1912. 
It is probable that there was considerable ice in 1905 to 1908, but no adequate notes were made as to its 
existence. The estimates for winter periods are very uncertain, and for the earlier years are undoubtedly 
too high. 

DESCHUTES RIVER AT WEST's RANCH AND AT BENHAM FALLS, NEAR 

BEND, OREG. 



Location. — In the NE. \ sec. 16, T. 19 S., R. 11 E., about 250 yards above Benham 
Falls and 14 miles above Bend, above the more important irrigation diversions 
from Deschutes River, and just below the dam site of the proposed Benham 
Falls reservoir, since March 20, 1909. 

Records available. — July 21, 1906, to December 31, 1912. As this record has been 
used as basis for all studies of the possibilities of power and irrigation develop- 
ment on Deschutes River between West Fork and Crooked and Metolius rivers, 
it has been extended by the aid of the records at Bend and West's ranch and 
made continuous from January 1, 1905, to December 31, 1912. 

Drainage area. — Not measured . ' 



STREAM FLOW. 



25 



Gage. — Vertical staff driven into edge of stream on right bank. Some uncertainty 
at times in regard to the maintenance of the gage datum. July 21, 1906, to Feb- 
ruary 20, 1909, vertical staff in the SW. i sec. 31, T. 19 S., R. 11 E., at West's 
ranch, about 7 miles, by river, above Benham Falls. 

Channel. — Sandy; may shift slightly. Considerable growth of weeds along the right 
bank. 

Discharge measurements. — Made from standard car and cable. 

Winter flow. — Not materially affected by ice. 

Diversions. — The diversion of water by some small ditches that are taken out above 
this station has no appreciable effect on discharge. 

Accuracy. — Rating curve well defined. Some uncertainty as to effect of weeds. 

Cooperation. — Station maintained in cooperation with the Central Oregon Irriga- 
tion Co. 

Monthly discharge of Deschutes River at Benham Falls, near Bend, Oreg.,for 1904-1912. 



Month. 



Discharge ia second-feet. 



Maximum. Minimum. Mean 



Rim-ofl 
(total in 
acre-feet). 



Accu- 
racy. 



October to December. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 



1904-5. 



The year. 



October 

November. 
December. 
January... 
February. . 
March.:... 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 



1905-6. 



The year . 



October... 
November. 
December. 
January... 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 



1906-7. 



The year . 



October... 
November. 
December. 
January... 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 



1907-8. 



The year. 



2,700 
2,380 
2,260 
2,260 
2,220 
1,890 
1,750 
1,740 
1,640 



1,660 
1,620 
1,370 
1,450 
1,410 
1,550 
1,880 
1,920 
1,920 
1,680 
1,430 
1,400 



1,920 



1,360 
1,510 
1,510 
1,610 
4,000 
2,060 
2,500 
2,680 
2,540 
2,120 
1,900 
1,850 



4,000 



1,700 
1,700 
2,560 
2,060 
1,520 
1,960 
2,230 
2,120 
2,180 
2,010 
1,750 
1,660 



2,080 
1,920 
2,080 
1,920 
1,880 
1,730 
1,630 
1,490 
1,590 



2,240 
2,160 
2,160 
2,070 
2,010 
1,810 
1,710 
1,620 
1,620 



1,530 
1,470 
1,080 
1,200 
1,240 
1,250 
1,530 
1,700 
1,650 
1,430 
1,360 
1,360 



1,620 
1,560 
1,290 
1,360 
1,330 
1,360 
1,710 
1,840 
1,770 
1,560 
1,410 
1,370 



1,520 



1,290 
1,290 
1,320 
1,160 
1,520 
1,610 
1,680 
2,430 
2,120 
1,900 
1,800 
1,700 



1,320 
1,370 
1,390 
1,390 
2,300 
1,750 
2,170 
2,510 
2,350 
2,020 
1,860 
1,770 



1,160 



1,850 



1,590 
1,520 
1,480 
1,390 
1,280 
1,350 
1,560 
1,850 
1,850 
1,750 
1,660 
1,560 



1,630 
1,580 
1,770 
1,700 
1,440 
1,600 
1,880 
2,030 
2,000 
1,890 
1,680 
1,620 



360,000 
138,000 
120, 000 
133,000 
123, 000 
124, 000 
108,000 
105, 000 
99, 600 
96, 400 



1,410,000 



99,600 

92,800 

79,300 

83,600 

73, 900 

83,600 

102, 000 

113, 000 

105, 000 

95,900 

86, 700 

81,500 



1,100,000 



81, 200 

81,500 

85,500 

85,500 

128, 000 

108,000 

129,000 

154, 000 

140, 000 

124, 000 

114,000 

105,000 



1,340,000 



100,000 
94,000 
109, 000 
105,000 
82, 800 
98, 400 
112,000 
125,000 
119,000 
116,000 
103,000 
96, 400 



2,560 



1,280 



,740 



1,260,000 



26 



DESCHUTES EIVEE, OREGON. 



Monthly discharge of Deschutes River at Benham Falls, near Bend, Oreg.,for 1904-1912- 

Continued. 



Month. 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximum. 



Minimum. 



Run-off 
(total in 
acre-feet). 



1908-9. 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

The year 

1909-10, 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

The year 

1910-11 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

The year 

1911-12 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 

April 

MTay 

June 

July 

August 

September 

The year 

1912. 

October 

November 

December 



1,900 
1,700 
1,520 
2,280 
1,750 
1,750 
1,800 
1,870 
1,870 
1,690 
1,560 
1,560 



2,280 



1,530 
4,760 
2,610 
1,740 
1,880 
2,380 
2,020 
2,090 
1,840 
1,670 
1,570 
1,510 



4,760 



1,540 
1,600 
1,780 
1,540 
1,420 
1,540 
1,670 
1,740 
1,740 
1,600 
1,420 
1.480 



1,780 



1,420 

1,480 
1,360 
1,500 
1,780 
1,500 
1,710 
2,100 
2,260 
1,940 
1,780 
1,710 



2,260 



1,640 
1,780 
1,570 



1,560 
1,520 
1,170 
1,280 
1,520 
1,520 
1,590 
1,690 
1,690 
1,530 
1,510 
1,500 



1,660 
1,570 
1,430 
1,650 
1,620 
1,570 
1,720 
1,790 
1,790 
1,600 
1,530 
1,520 



1,170 



1,620 



1,430 
1,400 
1,530 
1,330 
1,420 
1,950 
1,880 
1,840 
1,670 
1,570 
1,510 
1,480 



1,480 
2,040 
1,930 
1,530 
1,590 
2,090 
1,950 
1,980 
1,750 
1,610 
1,540 
1,500 



1,330 



1,750 



1,420 
1,420 
1,420 
1,180 
1,240 
1,240 
1,480 
1,600 
1,600 
1,420 
1,360 
1,360 



1,470 
1,490 
1,560 
1,420 
1,360 
1,400 
1,570 
1,670 
1,710 
1,500 
1,380 
1,390 



1,180 



1,490 



1,300 
1,300 
1,180 
1,000 
1,430 
1,360 
1,430 
1,710 
1,980 
1,710 
1,640 
1,640 



1,360 
1,380 
1,280 
1,380 
1,560 
1,430 
1,590 
1,890 
2,150 
1,800 
1,690 
1,670 



1,000 



1,600 



1,570 
1,500 
1,360 



1,590 
1,620 
1,500 



102,000 
93, 400 
87, 900 
101,000 
90,000 
96, 500 
102,000 
110,000 
107, 000 
98, 400 
94, 100 
90, 400 



1,170,000 



91,000 
121,000 
119,000 
94, 100 
88,300 
129,000 
116,000 
122, 000 
104, 000 
99,000 
94, 700 
89,300 



1,270,000 



90, 400 
88, 700 
95,900 
87,300 
75,500 
86, 100 
93, 400 
103, 000 
102, 000 
92, 200 
84, 800 
82, 700 



1, 080, 000 



83,600 

82, 100 

78,700 

84, 800 

89, 700 

87,900 

94, 600 

116, 000 

128, 000 

111,000 

104, 000 

99, 400 



1,160,000 



97,800 
96,400 
92,200 



Note.— Monthly discharge for October, November, and December, 1904, estimated at 120,000 acre-feet 
er month. Monthly discharge, January, 1905, to July, 1906, and February and March, 1909, determined 
y adding the discharge of Central Oregon and Pilot Butte canals to that of Deschutes River at Bend. 



STKEAM FLOW. 



27 



DESCHUTES EIVER AT BEND, OREG. 

Location. — In the NE. i sec. 32, T. 17 S., R. 12 E., just below the power house of 
the Bend Electric Light & Power Co. at city pumping plant, Bend, Oreg., 1 mile 
above the diversion dam of the North canal of the Central Oregon Irrigation Co. 

Records available. — December 22, 1904, to March 30, 1907, at Sizemore's bridge, 
in sec. 5, T. 18 S., R. 12 E.; April 23, 1907, to October 8, 1910, and April 11 to 
December 31, 1912, at gage below power house; October 1, 1910, to April 10, 
1912, at gage above dam. 

Drainage area. — Indeterminate. 

Gage. — Vertical staff nailed to pier of bridge over pond, near right bank, above 
dam, zero level with crest; at pumping plant, vertical staff bolted to a bowlder; 
at Sizemore's bridge (prior to 1907), vertical staff spiked to bent. 

Channel. — Broad crested weir, actual length 224,6 feet, broken by 19 piers; at 
pumping plant and cable, very rough and rocky but permanent; at Sizemore's 
bridge, wide and shallow, broken by pile bents. 

Discharge measurements. — April, 1907, to February, 1912, from Staat's bridge, 
three-fourths mile above pumping station and Bend dam; conditions unfavora- 
ble. After August, 1912, from cable and car 40 feet above pumping plant gage. 
Prior to 1907 from Sizemore's bridge. 

Winter flow. — Unaffected by ice. 

Diversions. — The Pilot Butte and Central Oregon canals of the Central Oregon Irri- 
gation Co, divert water 5 miles by river above the present gage and measuring 
section, and have been operated since 1905. Arnold canal, which takes out at 
the head of Lava Island Falls (PI. VI, B, p. 80), 9 miles above, has been operated 
only during 1912. No other diversions of any consequence. No storage yet de- 
veloped. 

Accuracy. — ^The records covering the period January 1, 1905, to June 30, 1906, and 
January 1, 1909, to December 31, 1912, are good and at times excellent. 

Cooperation. — Gage heights since 1907 have been furnished gratis by C. A. Stan- 
burrough, engineer of the pumping plant. 

Monthly discharge of Deschutes River at Bend, Oreg., for 1905-1912. 



Month. 



January.. - 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 



1905. 



The period . 



October 

November. . 
December . . 

January 

February... 

March 

April 

May 

June 



1905-6. 



The period . 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximum. Minimum. Mean 



2,700 
2,380 
2,220 
2,220 
2,220 
1,780 
1,630 
1,630 
1,490 



1,490 
1,490 
1,320 
1,450 
1,320 
1,450 
1,730 
1,740 
1,740 



2,080 
1,920 
2,080 
1,920 
1,780 
1,630 
1,630 
1,490 
1,490 



1,490 
1,350 
1,070 
1,190 
1,190 
1,190 
1,450 
1,600 
1,400 



2,240 
2,160 
2,130 
2,060 
1,960 
1,720 
1,630 
1,530 
1,490 



1,490 
1,430 
1,210 
1,310 
1,270 
1,320 
1,610 
1,700 



Run-off 
(total in 
acre-feet). 



138,000 
120,000 
131,000 
123,000 
121,000 
102,000 
100,000 
94, 100 
88, 700 



1,020,000 



91,600 
85, 100 
74, 400 
80, (iOO 
70, 500 
81, '200 
95,800 
105,000 
94,(500 



779,000 



Accu- 
racy. 



28 DESCHUTES EIVER, OREGON. 

Monthly discharge of Deschutes River at Bend, Oreg.,for 1905-1912 — Continued. 



Month. 



January... 
Febraary. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 



1909. 



The period . 



October... 
November. 
December. 
January . . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

Jime 

July 

August 

September. 



1909-10. 



The year . 



October. .. 
November. 
December. 
January . . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 



1910-11. 



The year . 



October 

November.. 
December., 
January — 
February. . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 



1911-12. 



The year . 



October . . . 
November. 
December . 



1912. 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximtmi. Minimum. Mean 



1,900 
1,720 
1,550 
1,570 
1,600 
1,640 
1,600 
1,230 
1,240 



1,340 
4,760 
3,330 
1,810 
1,740 
2,650 
2,100 
2,020 
1,740 
1,230 
1,440 
1,330 



4,760 



1,240 
1,580 
1,660 
1,440 
1,440 
1,510 
1,510 
1,370 
1,730 
1,170 
1,370 
1,240 



1,730 



1,240 
1,510 
1,370 
1,660 
1,880 
1,510 
1,730 
1,940 
2,150 
1,730 
1,270 
1,470 



2,150 



1,480 
1,660 
1,730 



1,160 
1,400 
1,380 
1,420 
1,340 
1,260 
1,100 
1,040 
1,120 



1,200 
1,330 
1,530 
1,330 
1,440 
2,020 
1,810 
1,490 
1,230 
1,050 
1,050 
1,050 



1,050 



1,160 

1,170 

1,360 

1,170 

1,240 

1,170 

1,240 

1,170 

1,170 

910 

850 

910 



850 



975 
1,040 
1,040 
1,150 
1,240 
1,170 
1,270 
1,420 
1,540 
1,190 
1,150 
1,250 



975 



1,290 
1,370 
1,370 



1,560 
1,550 
1,440 
1,510 
1,450 
1,420 
1,340 
1,090 
1,180 



1,240 
2,070 
2,030 
1,640 
1,590 
2,290 
1,890 
1,720 
1,360 
1,130 
1,210 
1,160 



1,610 



1,200 
1,420 
1,470 
1,330 
1,330 
1,340 
1,360 
1,310 
1,270 
1,050 
918 
1,050 



1,250 



1,130 
1,310 
1,260 
1,380 
1,510 
1,360 
1,430 
1,580 
1,690 
1,310 
1,210 
1.400 



1,380 



1,390 
1,490 
1,570 



E,un-ofE 
(total in 
acre-feet). 



95,900 
86, 100 
88,500 
89,800 
89, 200 
84,500 
82,400 
67,000 
70,200 



754,000 



76,200 
123,000 
125,000 
101,000 
88, 300 
141,000 
112,000 
106,000 
80,900 
69,500 
74,400 
69,000 



1,170,000 



73,800 
84,500 
90, 400 
81,800 
73,900 
82, 400 
80,900 
80,600 
75,600 
64,600 
56,400 
62,500 



907,000 



69,500 
78,000 
77,500 
84,800 
86,900 
83,600 
85, 100 
97, 200 
101,000 
80,600 
74,400 
83,300 



1,000,000 



85,500 
88,700 
96,500 



DESCHUTES RIVER AT LAIDLAW, OREG. 

Location. — In the NE. ^ sec. 31, T. 16 S., R. 12 E., at the highway bridge in Laid- 
law, 9 miles by river below Bend, 3 miles below Tumalo Creek, and below all 
diversions of any consequence. 

Records available. — January 1, 1909, to October 15, 1912. Records prior to July, 
1910, are questionable. 



STEEAM FLOW. 



29 



Drainage area. — Indeterminate. 

Gage. — Vertical staff at old highway bridge at Laidlaw, 

Channel. — Gravel. Permanent control. There are two channels at the gage, about 

two-thirds of the flow passing in the right channel, in which the gage is placed. 

The channel divides about 200 feet above the bridge. 
Discharge measurements. — From wagon bridge, IJ miles above gage in the SE. 

1 sec. 6, T. 17 S., R. 12 E. 
Winter flow. — Probably some ice effect in extremely cold weather. 
Diversions. — In addition to the diversions above the Bend station, two small canals 

divert between Bend and Laidlaw; records not corrected for diversion. 
Accuracy. — Fair; measuring conditions unsatisfactory; low- water estimates probably 

too high. 

Monthly discharge of Deschutes River at Laidlaw, Oreg.,for 1910-1912. 



Month. 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximum. 



Minimum. 



Run-off 
(total in 
acre-feet). 



Accu- 
racy. 



July 8-31.. 

August 

September. 



1910. 



1,270 
1,440 
1,440 



The period . 



1910-11. 



October... 
November. 
December. 
January... 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 



The year. 



October... 
November. 
December . 
January . . . 
Febraury. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August .... 
September. 



1911-12. 



The year. 



Octoberl-15. 



1912. 



1,330 
1,760 
1,830 
1,580 
1,580 
1,730 
1,660 
1,510 
1,890 
1,370 
1,370 
1,170 



1,300 
1,510 
1,510 
1,730 
1,890 
1,580 
1,730 
1,890 
2,060 
1,730 
1,300 
1,440 



2,060 



1,330 



1,140 
1,100 
1,140 



1,200 
1,260 
1,240 



1,240 

1,270 

1,510 

1,440 

1,370 

1,300 

1,370 

1,330 

1,270 

930 

897 

930 



1,290 
1,550 
1,630 
1,500 
1,470 
1,490 
1,470 
1,420 
1,480 
1,140 
949 
1,080 



897 



1,140 
1,140 
1,240 
1,210 
1,370 
1,300 
1,300 
1,580 
1,660 
1,240 
1,170 
1,270 



1,370 



1,180 
1,360 
1,390 
1,500 
1,620 
1,470 
1,520 
1,690 
1,870 
1,410 
1,230 
1,360 



1,660 



,470 



1,300 



1,300 



57, 100 
77,500 
73, 800 



208,000 



79,300 
92,200 
100, 000 
92, 200 
81,600 
91,600 
87, 500 
87,300 
88, 100 
69, 500 
58, 400 
64,300 



992,000 



72,600 
80,900 
85,500 
92,200 
93,200 
90,400 
90,400 
104,000 
111,000 
86. 700 
75,600 
80,900 



1.060,000 



38, 700 



DESCHUTES RIVER NEAR CLINE FALLS, OREG. 



Location.— In sec. 13, T. 15 S., R. 12 E., 12 miles below Laidlaw, about 4 miles 
west of Redmond, and 1^ miles southwest of Cline Falls. 

Records available.— February 15, 1910, to March 4, 1911; February 20 to Decem- 
ber 31, 1912. 

Drainage area. — Indeterminate. 



30 



DESCHUTES EIVEB, OKEGON. 



Gage. — Vertical staff on right bank. 

Channel. — Sand, gravel, and bowlders; some moss grows on the bottom; practically 
permanent. 

Winter flow. — Not materially affected by ice. 

Discharge measurements. — Made from a boat which is operated on a taut wire 
stretched across the stream near the gage. 

Diversions. — Same as Laidlaw station. Apparent decrease in discharge between the 
two stations may be due to seepage of water into the river bed or to inaccura- 
cies in the Laidlaw record . 

Accuracy. — A well-developed curve makes the results very reliable. 

Monthly discharge of Deschutes River near Cline Falls, Oreg.,for 1910-1912. 



Month. 



Discharge m second-feet. 



Maxinmm. 



Minimum. 



Mean. 



Run-off 
(in acre- 
feet). 



Accu- 
racy. 



February 15-28. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 



1910. 



The period. 



October... 
November. 
December. 
January . . . 
February. . 
March 1-4. 



The period . 



February 19-29. 

March •. .. 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 



1912. 



The period . 



October... 
November. 
December. 



1912. 



1,600 
2,480 
1,820 
1,900 
1,820 
1,160 
1,270 
1,160 



1,110 
1,530 
1,600 
1,330 
1,270 



1,670 
1,330 
1,460 
1,740 
1,820 
1,530 
1,160 
1,250 



1,250 
1,500 
1,530 



1,460 
1,820 
1,670 
1,390 
1,160 
1,020 
974 
974 



1,580 
2,100 
1,740 
1,710 
1,310 
1,090 
1,110 
1,050 



1,020 
1,060 
1,270 
1,160 
1,110 



1,070 
1,350 
1,380 
1,250 
1,220 
1,190 



1,270 
1,060 
1,060 
1,270 
1,530 
1,060 
1,040 
1,140 



1,440 
1,200 
1,270 
1,430 
1,670 
1,220 
1,090 
1,200 



1,110 
1,220 
1,270 



1,190 
1,330 
1,430 



43,900 

129,000 

104,000 

105,000 

78,000 

67,000 

68,200 

62,500 



658,000 



65, 800 
80,300 
84,800 
76,900 
67.800 



385,000 



31,300 
73,800 
75,600 
87,900 
99,400 
75,000 
67,000 
71,400 



581,000 



73, 200 
79, 100 
87,900 



DESCHUTES RIVER AT MECCA, OREG. 



Location. — In the SW. ^ sec. 20, T. 9 S., R. 13 E., at ferry at Mecca, 1^ miles below 
mouth of Shitike Creek, and 12 miles above mouth of Warm Springs River. 

Records available. — ^June 7, 1911, to December 31, 1912. 

Drainage area. — Not measured. 

Gage. — Vertical staff fastened to tree on right bank, 100 yards above Government 
ferry. 

Channel. — Rock and heavy gravel; practically permanent. 

Discharge measurements. — Made from car on ferry cable. 

Winter flow. — Not affected by ic£. 



STKEAM FLOW. 



31 



Diversions. — The flow at this station is affected by same diversions from upper 
Deschutes River as the Laidlaw and Cline Falls stations. The summer flow of 
Crooked River is practically all diverted. 

Accuracy. — Results are excellent. 

Cooperation. — Station is maintained at expense of Office of Indian Affaire. 

Monthly discharge of Deschutes River at Mecca, Oreg.^for 1911-12. 



Month. 



Discharge in second-feet. 


Run-ofl 
(total in 








Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


acre-feet). 


5,260 


4,540 


4,880 


232,000 


4,720 


4,040 


4,360 


268,000 


4,200 


3,880 


4,050 


249,000 


4,200 


4,040 


4,150 


247,000 


4,200 


3,880 


4,090 


251,000 


4,540 


3,880 


4,210 


251,000 


4,370 


4,200 


4,300 


264,000 


6,800 


3,300 


5,050 


311,000 


8,490 


4,900 


5,940 


342,000 


5,830 


4,900 


5,200 


320,000 


7,410 


5,830 


6,460 


384,000 


8,270 


6,400 


7,100 


437,000 


6,800 


5,450 


6,020 


358,000 


6,210 


4,370 


4,850 


298,000 


5,080 


4,370 


4,550 


280,000 


4,720 


4,370 


4,520 


269,000 


8,490 


3,300 


5,190 


3,760,000 


4,900 


4,200 


4,390 


270,000 


5,260 


4,370 


4,770 


284,000 


5,080 

1 


4,540 


4,670 


287,000 



Accu- 
racy. 



1911. 

June 7-30 

July 

August 

September 

1911-12, 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

The year 

1912. 

October 

November 

December 



DESCHUTES RIVER AT MOODY, NEAR BIGGS, OREG. 

Location.— In the SE. \ sec. 26, T. 2 N., R. 15 E., 1 mile below Moody railroad 
station, 1| miles above the bridge of the Oregon- Washington Railroad & Navi- 
gation Co., about 5 miles southwest of Biggs, Oreg., and 1^ miles above the 
mouth of the river. 

Records available.— Records for 1908 and 1910 somewhat fragmentary; July 7, 
1906, to December 31, 1912; October 19, 1897, to December 31, 1899, for a station 
near Moro, 10 miles above the mouth of the river, in NE. | sec. 5, T. 1 S., R. 
16 E. 

Drainage area.— About 9,180 square miles; south and east limits of basin poorly 
defined. 

Gage. — Staff in two sections — the lower inclined, the upper vertical. At the Moro 
station the gage was an inclined staff. 

Discharge measurements. — Made from a cable about 450 feet above the gage. 
At Moro station, made from the "free bridge," 3 miles below the gage. 

Diversions.— The summer discharge at this station has been progressively reduced 
since about 1904 or 1905 by diversions from the upper river. Some of this water 
returns, but the net reduction during midsummer is now probably 10 or 15 per 
cent. 

Accuracy. — An excellent rating curve has been developed; records are good ex- 
cept when the gage-height recdrd is fragmentary. During such periods tlie 
discharge has been estimated from studies of the records. 



32 



DESCHUTES RIVER, OREGON. 



Monthly discharge of Deschutes River at Moody, near Biggs, Or eg., for 1897-1899 and 

1906-1912. 



Month. 


Discharge in second-feet. 


Run-oflf 
(total in 
acre-feet). 


Accu- 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


racy. 


1897-98. 
October 19-31 


6,260 
8,880 

11, 700 
8,320 

10,800 
8,320 
8,880 
7,780 
7,510 
6,740 
5,570 
5,350 


6,030 
6,030 
6,260 
6,260 
6,500 
6,030 
6,030 
6,740 
6,030 
5,350 
5,130 
4,920 


6,100 
6,900 
8,090 
6,830 
8,040 
7,130 
7,670 
7,240 
6,680 
5,740 
5,280 
5,170 


157,000 
411,000 
497,000 
420,000 
447,000 
438,000 
456,000 
445,000 
397,000 
353,000 
325,000 
308,000 


B. 


November 


B. 


December 


B. 




B. 


February 


B. 


March 


B. 


April... 


B. 


May 


B. 


June .... 


B. 


July 


B. 


August 


B. 


September 


B. 






The period 








4,650,000 














1898-99. 
October 


5,130 

7,250 

5,800 

11, 700 

. 14,400 

16,000 

14,100 

12,600 

11,400 

9,720 

7,250 

7,250 


4,710 
4,920 
4,100 
4,300 
4,710 
6,740 
7,780 
8,880 
9,720 
7,250 
6,260 
5,800 


4,960 

5,680 

5,040 

6,390 

7,720 

8,090 

11,000 

10,600 

10, 700 

8,700 

6,840 

6,500 


305,000 
338,000 
310,000 
393,000 
429,000 
497,000 
655,000 
652,000 
637,000 
535,000 
421,000 
387,000 


C. 


November 


B. 


December 


C. 


January . . 


C. 


February 


B. 


March,. 


B. 


April 


B. 


Mav. . 


B. 


June 


B. 


July 


B. 


August . 


B 


September. ... 


B. 






The year 


16,000 


4,100 


7,680 


5,560,000 








1899. 
October 


8,880 
11,700 
11, 700 

5,360 
5,360 
5,080 


5,800 
6,500 
8,880 

5,360 
6,360 
5,080 


6,460 

7,340 

10,000 

5,360 
5,360 
5,080 


397,000 
437,000 
615,000 

106,000 
330,000 
302,000 


B. 


November 


B. 


December 


B. 


1906. 
Julv 22-31 


A. 


August . 


A. 


September 


A. 






1906-7. 
October . 


5,850 

12,200 

9,420 

11,600 

30, 600 

15,500 

14,200 

10,600 

8,000 

6,680 

5,820 

5,660 


5,080 
5,220 
5,820 
5,980 
7,040 
7,530 
8,050 
8,100 
6,680 
5,660 
5,660 
5,660 


5,180 
7,290 
6,720 
6,720 

13,900 
9,590 

11,900 
8,950 
7,250 
6,230 
5,670 
5,660 


319,000 
434,000 
413,000 
413, 000 
772, 000 
590,000 
708,000 
550,000 
431,000 
383, 000 
349,000 
337,000 


A. 




A. 




A. 


January 


A 


February 


A. 


March 


A. 


April 


A. 


May 


A. 


June 


A. 


July 


A. 


August 


A. 


September ■. 


A. 






The year 


30,600 


5,080 


7,920 


5, 700, 000 




1907-8. 
October 


5,660 

7,800 

22, 200 

8,000 

6,150 

15, 800 

10, 100 

8,420 


5,660 
5,660 
6,080 
6,150 
5,980 
6,000 
7,420 
6,790 


5,660 
5,980 
8,720 
7,420 
6,110 
8,600 
8,510 
7,340 
6,500 
6,000 
5,400 
5,300 


348,000 
356,000 
536, 000 
456,000 
351,000 
529,000 
506,000 
451, 000 
387,000 
369,000 
332, 000 
315,000 


A. 


November 


A. 


December 


A. 


January 


A. 


February. . . 


A. 


March 


B. 


April 


A. 


Mav 


A. 


June 


B. 


July.. .. 






B. 


August . . 






B. 


September .... 






B. 










The year 






6,800 


4,940,000 















Note.— Discharges for March, 1908, and June to October, 1908, estimated from comparison with West's 
ranch. 



STKEAM FLOW. 



33 



Monthly discharge of Deschutes River at Moody, near Biggs, Oreg.,for 1897-1899 and 

1906-1912— QontimiQA. 



Month. 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximum. Minimum. Mean 



Run-otf 
(total in 
acre-feet). 



Accu- 
racy. 



October. . . 
November. 
December. 
January . . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September . 



190S-9. 



The year. 



October — 
November. 
December . 
January . . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September . 



1909-10. 



The year. 



October — 
November. 
December . 
January . . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July....... 

August 

September. 



1910-11. 



The year. 



October. . . 
November. 
December . 
January... 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September . 



1911-12. 



The year. 



October. . . 

November. 
December . 



1912. 



5,960 

14, 200 

11, 700 

10,300 

9,420 

8,000 

8,200 

5,880 

5,510 

5,510 



5,570 
26,000 
12, 700 
18, 400 
15, 000 
26,900 



7,800 
5,980 
10,300 
10, 800 
7,420 
7,040 
5,660 
5,080 
5,080 



5,660 
17,900 
15, 200 

7,800 
11, 700 
10, 800 
10,300 

6,320 

5,660 



17,900 



5,660 
7,040 
7.800 



5,510 
5,660 
5,790 
6,680 
7,800 
6,320 
5,870 
5,360 
5,080 
5,080 



5,300 
5,970 
5,710 
7,470 
7,180 
7,520 
8,390 
7,040 
6,760 
5,580 
5,260 
5,360 



326,000 
355,000 
351,000 
459, 000 
399, 000 
462, 000 
499,000 
433, 000 
402, 000 
343,000 
323, 000 
319,000 



6,460 



4,670,000 



5,510 
5,570 
8,200 
7,400 
7,040 
9.320 



5,540 
9,380 
8,710 
9, 420 
8,110 
14,300 
8,740 
7,960 
6,320 
5,400 
5,180 
5,230 



341,000 
558, 000 
536,000 
579, 000 
450, 000 
879,000 
520,000 
489,000 
376,000 
332, 000 
319,000 
311, 000 



7,860 



5,690,000 



5,360 
5,360 
5,360 
6,320 
6,320 
5,660 
4,820 
4,820 
4,820 



5,290 
6,300 
6,820 
6,350 
5,710 
7,210 
7,450 
6,810 
6,380 
5,260 
4,850 
4,930 



325,000 
375,000 
419,000 
390, 000 
317,000 
443,000 
443,000 
419,000 
380, 000 
323,000 
298,000 
293,000 



110 



4,420,000 



4,820 
4,820 
5,080 
4,080 
7,420 
6,320 
7,800 
8,600 
5,660 
5,660 
5,360 
5,360 



5,440 
5,340 
7,940 
9,720 
6,920 
9,550 
9,770 
7,980 
5,910 
5,390 
5,520 



307,000 
324,000 
328,000 
488, 000 
559, 000 
425, 000 
568,000 
601,000 
475, 000 
363,000 
331,000 
328, 000 



4,( 



7,040 



5,100,000 



5,360 
5,660 
5,660 



5,480 
6,030 
6,000 



337,000 
359,000 
369,000 



Note.— The monthly means for April to December, 1910, were obtained from comparison with the dis- 
charges of upper Deschutes River and its tributaries. The results obtained in different ways are so consist- 
ent that they can not be much in error. 

48348''— wsp 344—14 3 



34 



DESCHUTES KIVER, OKEGON. 



CRESCENT LAKE OUTLET NEAR CRESCENT, OREG. 

Location. — At highway bridge about 3 miles below the lake and 3 miles above the 
Hoey ranch; until September 30, 1912, at lake outlet, sec. 11, T. 24 S., R. 6 E. 

Records available. — August 2 to September 6, 1911; January 1 to December 31, 
1912, weekly readings. 

Drainage area. — 55 square miles. 

Gage. — Vertical staff at both points. 

Channel. — Gravel; not likely to shift; some drift logs jammed at gage section at 
lake. 

Discharge measurements. — Made by wading near the gage. 

Winter flow. — Probably unaffected by ice. 

Cooperation. — Station has been maintained in cooperation with Hunter Land Co. 

Monthly discharge of Crescent Lake outlet near Crescent, Oreg.,for 1912. 



Month. 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximum. Minimum. Mean. 



Run-off 
(total in 
acre-feet). 



Accu- 
racy. 



January . . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August — 
September. 
October... 
November. 
December. 



78 



45 
124 
181 
149 
119 
73 
78 



The year. 



27 
45 
124 
120 
58 
54 
60 



60.6 
66.9 
35.0 
37.4 
67.6 

153 

134 
77.0 



78.4 



76.8 



3,730 
3,850 
2,150 
2,230 
4,160 
9,100 
8,240 
4,730 
3,700 
4,410 
4,640 
4,820 



55. 



EAST FORK OF DESCHUTES RIVER AT CRESCENT, OREG. 



Location.— In the NE. \ SW. I sec. 30, T. 24 S., R. 9 E. Willamette meridian, at 

the wagon bridge at Crescent, Oreg., 5 miles above mouth of East Fork. 
Records available. — December 25, 1904, to March 31, 1908, and September 25, 1910, 

to December 31, 1912. 
Drainage area. — 179 square miles. 

Gage. — Vertical staff spiked to a pile supporting the bridge on upstream side. 
Channel. — Coarse gravel; practically permanent except at infrequent floods. 
Discharge measurements. — Made by wading or from the wagon bridge to which 

the gage is nailed. 
Winter flow. — Stage materially affected by ice. 

Accuracy. — Results good except during periods of ice and extreme floods. 
Cooperation. — Station maintained in cooperation with the United States Forest 

Service. 



STKEAM FLOW. 35 

Monthly discharge of East Forh of Deschutes River at Crescent, Oreg., for 1905-1912. 



Montli. 


Discharge in second-feet. 


Run-ofi 

(total in 

anre-feet). 


Accu- 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


racy. 


1905. 


131 
104 
92 
81 
92 
76 
76 
36 
31 


60 
41 
60 
60 
70 
46 
19 
25 
25 


76.6 
74.0 
64.7 
65.4 
74.7 
62.8 
35.1 
28.0 
25.5 


4,710 
4,110 
3,980 
3,890 
4,590 
3,740 
2,160 
1,720 
1,520 


C. 


February 


B. 


March 


A. 


April 


A. 


May 


A. 


June 


A. 


July 


A. 


Ausfust 


A. 


SATitfiml^p.r . . . . . ... 


A. 






The period. . . ..... . ... 








30,400 














1905-6. 
Octoher -. - 


41 
41 
41 
146 
146 
110 
140 
174 
146 
100 
49 
49 


28 
10 
10 
24 
72 
49 
49 
81 
90 
42 
30 
30 


31.9 
23.7 
23.6 
88.8 
97.3 
80.8 
89.3 

124 

111 
65.2 
37.1 
36.2 


1,960 
1,410 
1,450 
5,460 
5,400 
4,970 
5,310 
7,620 
■ 6,600 
4,010 
2,280 
2,150 


A. 


"NTnvPTnliPT 


B. 




C. 


January . . 


C. 




C. 


March 


B. 


April 


B. 


May 


B. 


June -.- 


B. 


July 


B. 




B. 


SADtfimliftr . .. .. 


B. 






The year 


174 


10 


67.4 


48,600 








1906-7. 
October 


60 

76 

68 

174 

395 

174 

245 

245 

216 

110 

56 

42 


30 
30 
42 
64 

110 
90 
81 

146 
90 
49 
42 
42 


35.4 
52.1 
51.8 
89.7 

183 

104 

184 

195 

151 
76.5 
47.5 
42.0 


2,180 
3,100 
3,190 
5,520 
10,200 
6,400 
10,900 
12,000 
8,980 
4,700 
2,920 
2,500 


B. 


N^nvftmlifir . . 


B. 




C. 




C. 




C. 


March. 


B. 


April 


B. 


May 


C. 


June . 


B. 


July 


B. 




B. 


September 


B. 






The year 


395 


30 


101 


72,600 








1907-8. 


42 
52 
160 
81 
100 
100 


33 
33 
33 
46 
52 
36 


35.5 
35.2 
68.9 
58.1 
70.8 
60.9 


2,180 
2,090 
4,240 
3,570 
4,070 
3,740 


B. 


November .. .. 


B. 




C. 


January ... . ...... 


C. 




B. 


March 


B. 






The period 








19, 900 














1910-11. 
October 


56 
121 
110 
76 
81 
121 
90 
133 
188 
81 
37 
40 


32 
32 
43 
40 
30 
56 
56 
81 
81 
37 
34 
32 


35.7 
50.5 
57.0 
51.0 
67.1 
87.1 
74.3 

105 

139 
54.2 
35.8 
34.4 


2,200 
3,000 
3,500 
3,140 
3,730 
5,360 
4,420 
6,460 
8,270 
3,330 
2,200 
2,050 


B. 


WnvftTTiber . ... 


B. 




C. 


.Tn.Tinnrv 


C. 




B. 


March 


B. 


April 


B. 


May 


B. 




B. 


July 


B. 


August 


B. 


September. . . 


B. 






The year 


188 


30 


65.9 


47, 700 








1911-12. 


37 


34 


35.5 
44.3 
35.3 


2,180 
2,640 
2,170 


B. 




C. 


December 






C. 


January 








February 11-29 


122 
64 
127 


54 
38 
54 


75.6 
46.2 
81.3 


2,850 
2,vM0 
4,840 


C. 




B. 


AprU 


B. 



36 

Monthly 



DESCHUTES EIVER, OKEGON. 

of East Fork of Deschutes River at Crescent, Oreg.,for 1905-1912- 
Continned. 





Month. 


Discharge in second-feet. 


Run-off 
(total in 
acre-feet). 


Accu- 




Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


racy. 


Mav 


1911-12. 


300 

320 

146 

61 

69 


94 
152 
61 

47 
41 


212 

248 
87.5 
51.8 
46.5 


13,000 
14, 800 
5,380 
3,190 
2,770 


C. 


June 


C. 


July 


B. 


August 


B. 


September 


B. 








The period . . 








56,700 






1912. 










October 


50 
69 
43 


41 

41 
20 


42.1 

47.4 
29.7 


2,590 
2,820 
1,830 


B. 




B. 


December 


C. 







WEST FORK OF DESCHUTES RIVER NEAR LAPINE, OREG. 

Location.— At Forest Service bridge in the NW. I sec. 26, T. 20 S., R. 10 E., 4 miles 
above mouth, and 11 miles north of Lapine, Oreg. 

Records available. — September 21 to December 21, 1910; February 18 to Novem- 
ber 30, 1912. 

Drainage area. — About 495 square miles. 

Gage. — Vertical staff nailed to bent of bridge. 

Channel. — Gravel and sand; probably permanent; tortuous; gradient low. 

Discharge measurements. — Made from upper side of bridge. 

Winter flow. — Never affected by ice. 

Accuracy. — Results excellent. 

Cooperation. — Gage readings furnished by United States Forest Service. 

Monthly discharge of West Fork of Deschutes River near Lapine, Oreg., for 1912. 



Month. 


Discharge in second-feet. 


Run-off 
(total in 
acre-feet). 


Accu- 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


racy. 


February 18-29 


1,060 
910 
1,030 
1,150 
1,250 
1,200 


910 
890 
910 
965 
1,150 
1,150 


960 
894 
952 
1,060 
1,210 
1,170 
1,200 
1,220 
1,170 
1,140 


22, 800 
55,000 
56, 600 
65,200 
72,000 
71,900 
73,800 
72,600 
71,900 
67, 800 


A. 




A. 


April 


A. 


May 


A, 


June 


A. 


July 


B, 


AuETUSt 


A. 


Rpntpm hpr 






A. 


October . 


1,200 
1,200 


1,150 
1,100 


A. 


TCnvpnibpr 


A. 






The period . . 








630,000 















WEST FORK OF DESCHUTES RIVER NEAR LAVA, OREG. 

Location. — In the NE. \ sec. 24, T. 20 S., R. 10 E., about 1^ miles west of the former 
post office of Lava, 1^ miles above the junction with Deschutes River, or Little 
River, as it is locally known above the mouth of West Fork. 

Records available.— February 20, 1905, to April 14, 1907; April 23, 1909, to Janu- 
ary 21, 1911; February 23 to May 3, 1912. 

Drainage area. — About 500 square miles. 

Gage. — Inclined staff on right bank. 



STREAM FLOW. 



37 



Channel. — Gravel, with some vegetation at the edges; effect not appreciable. Prac- 
tically permanent, but backwater from the Deschutes may extend up to gage 
when that river is relatively high. 

Discharge measurements. — Made from cable and car 100 yards below the gage. 

Winter flow. — Never any ice in this stream. 

Accuracy. — Results are good, with only slight uncertainties due to e^ect of back- 
water. 



Monthly discharge of West Fork of Deschutes River 


near Lava, 


Oreg., for 1905-1911. 


Month. 


Discharge in second-feet. 


Run-off 
(total in 
acre-feet). 


Accu- 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


racy. 


1905. 
February 20-28 . 


1,130 
1,150 
1,100 
1,080 
1,060 
1,010 
962 
974 


1,100 

1,080 

1,060 

1,060 

1,020 

974 

962 

916 


1,120 

1,120 

1,070 

1,060 

1,030 

988 

962 

934 


20,000 
68,900 
63, 700 
65,200 
61,300 
60, 800 
59,200 
55,600 


A. 


March 


A. 


April. 


A. 


May 


A. 


J une 


A. 


July 


A 




A. 


September 


A 






The period ... . 








455,000 














1905-6. 
October . . . 


962 
904 
916 
916 
847 
858 
916 
960 
996 
950 
950 
962 


916 
870 
836 
814 
803 
781 
870 
890 
910 
939 
928 
916 


934 

862 
836 
812 
814 
895 
926 
956 
947 
943 
928 


57, 400 
53, 000 
53, 000 
51, 400 
45, 100 
50, 100 
53,300 
56,900 
56, 900 
58,200 
58,000 
55,200 


A 


November 


A 


December . . . 


A 




A 


February 


A 


March 


A 


April 


B 


May 


B 


June 


B 


July 


A 


August 


A 


September 


A 






The year 


996 


781 


895 


649,000 








1906-7. 
October 


939 
939 
939 
1,060 
1,060 
1,100 
1,080 


904 
893 
847 
870 
939 
920 
1,020 


924 
908 
899 
946 
990 
970 
1,040 


56, 800 
54,000 
55,300 
58,200 
55, 000 
59, 600 
61,900 


A 


November 


A 


December 


A 


January . . 


j^ 


February 


B 


March 


A 


April 


A 






The period 








401, 000 














1909. 
April 23-30 


960 
1,050 
1,080 
1,090 
1,060 
1,070 


940 
956 
1,000 
1,040 
1,050 
1,030 


950 
985 
1,040 
1,060 
1,060 
1,050 


15, 100 
60, 600 
61,900 
65,200 
65,200 
62, 500 


A 


May 


A 


June 


A 


July 


A 


August . . . 


_A.' 


September 


A 






The period 








330, 000 








... . 






1909-10. 
October 


1,030 
1,700 
1,430 


1,010 

985 

1,000 


1,020 
1,160 
1,140 
1,030 
1,020 
1,210 
1,180 
1,220 
1,100 
1,M0 
1,110 
1,080 


62, 700 
69, 000 
70,100 
63,300 
56, 600 
74,400 
70.200 
75. 000 
69, 000 
70. 100 
68,200 
04,300 


A 


November 


A 


December 


A 


January 


B 


February 


1,060 
1,250 
1,220 
1,280 
1,200 
1,150 
1,130 
1,100 


1,010 
1,140 
1,160 
1,200 
1,140 
1,130 
1 100 
1,060 


B 


March 


B 


April 


B 


May 


B 


June 


A 


July 


\ 


August 


A 


September 


\ 






The year 






1,120 


813,000 












1910-11. 
October 


1,060 

1,080 

1,080 

962 


996 
9S5 
9()3 
939 


1,030 

1,020 

1,000 

941 


03.300 
00. 700 
61.500 
39,200 


\ 


November 


A 


December 


\ 


January 1-21 


A 







38 



DESCHUTES RIVEK^ OREGON. 
ODELL LAKE OUTLET NEAR CRESCENT, OREG. 



Location. — In sec. 26, T. 23 S., R. 6 E., about 18 miles from Crescent and 6 miles 

from Hoey's ranch. 
Records available. — August 5 to September 18, 1911; January 5 to September 28, 

1912; occasional readings. 
Drainage area. — 48 square miles. 

Gage. — ^Vertical staff 500 feet below outlet; datum poorly maintained at times. 
Channel. — Clean gravel; practically permanent. 
Discharge measurements. — ^Made by wading near the gage. 
Winter flow. — Probably unaffected by ice. 
Accuracy. — On account of few gage readings, lack of measurements at high stages, 

and uncertainties of gage datimi, results are only approximate. 
Cooperation. — Gage readings furnished by United States Forest Service. 

Monthly discharge of dell Lake outlet near Crescent, Oreg.^for 1912. 



Month. 



January.. 
February 
March... 

April 

May 

Jime 



Mean 


Run-off 


discharge 


(total in 


in second- 


acre- 


feet. 


feet). 


120 


7,380 


160 


9,200 


70 


4,300 


70 


4,170 


150 


9,220 


240 


14,300 



Month. 



July 

August 

September. 



The period . 



Mean 
discharge 
in second- 
feet. 



110 
56 
70 



Run-off 
(total in 
acre- 
feet). 



6,760 
3,440 
4.170 



62,900 



TUMALO CREEK NEAR LAIDLAW, OREG. 

Location. — In sec. 3, T. 18 S., R. 10 E. Willamette meridian; 300 feet above intake 
of Wimer ditch, about 1^ miles above intake of Columbia Southern canal, and 
15 miles from Laidlaw. 

Records available. — May 15, 1906, to December 31, 1912, irrigating season only; 
records during winter kept at lower station near Bend. 

Drainage area. — 48 square miles. 

Gage. — Vertical staff; present gage installed April 20, 1910. During 1906 and 1907 
gage was located in sec. 2, half a mile above headgate of Columbia Southern 
canal and below Wimer canal. 

Channel. — Gravel and large rocks; fairly permanent. 

Discharge measurements. — Made from a foot log or by wading. 

Winter flow. — Practically no records during winter period. 

Diversions. — Present station is above all diversions; earlier station was below intake 
of Wimer canal, discharge of which has been added to give the total for the creek. 

Accuracy. — Rating curve well defined; open-channel estimates close. 

Cooperation. — Station maintained in cooperation with Columbia Southern Irriga- 
tion Co. 



STREAM FLOW. 
Monthly discharge of Tumalo Creek near Laidlaw, Oreg.,for 1906-1912. 



39 



Month. 


Discharge in second-feet. 


Kim-ofl 
(total in 
acre-feet). 


Accu- 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


racy. 


1906. 
May 15-31 


450 
393 
424 
91 
108 


140 
136 
103 

78 
78 


218 

244 

210 
82.0 
79.9 


7,350 
14,500 
12,900 
5,040 
4,910 


B. 


June 


B. 


July 


B. 


August ... 


C. 


September 


C. 






The period 








44,700 














1906-7. 
October 


237 
820 
182 


80 
118 
109 
109 
128 
128 
109 
166 
162 
151 
90 
88 


102 
242 
145 
120 
206 
151 
141 
271 
313 
265 
112 
98.4 


6,270 
14,400 
8,920 
7,380 
11, 400 
9,280 
8,390 
16,700 
18,600 
16,300 
6,890 
5,860 


B. 


November 


C. 


December 


B. 


January 


C. 


February 


442 
182 
166 
438 
457 
386 
189 
111 


B. 


March 


B. 


April 


B. 


May 


A. 


June 


B 


July 


B. 


August 


B 


September 


B. 






The year 




80 


181 


130,000 










1907-8. 
October 


100 
86 
142 
152 
163 
132 
203 
192 
462 
400 
110 
84 


84 
62 
62 
78 
70 
62 
84 
118 
170 
118 
84 
84 


89.0 
74.5 
86.0 
90.1 
97.8 
88.5 

127 

156 

285 

264 
90.1 
84.0 


5,470 
4,430 
5,290 
5,540 
5,630 
5,440 
7,560 
9,590 
17,000 
16, 200 
5,540 
5,000 


B 


November 


B. 


December 


B. 


January 


C. 


February 


c 


March... 


B. 


April 


A 


May 


A. 


June 


A 


July 


A. 


August ... 


A 


September 


A. 






The year 


462 


62 


128 


92,700 








1908-9. 
October 


180 
98 
78 
93 
83 
80 


84 
50 
62 
68 
75 
73 


94.6 
80.0 
69.7 
78.7 
77.2 
75.9 
91.1 

169 

265 

152 
90.8 
83.3 


5,820 
4,760 
4,290 
4,840 
4,290 
4,670 
5,420 
10, 400 
15,800 
9,350 
5,580 
4,960 


A 


November 


c 


December 


c 


January , . 


B 


February 


B. 


March.. 


B 


AprH 


c 


May 


277 
440 
226 
108 
118 


134 

184 
105 
82 

78 


A 


June 


A. 


July 


A 


August 


A. 


September 


A 






The year ... 






111 


80, 200 












1909-10. 
October 


89 


78 


79.5 
240 
177 
115 

97.4 
148 
188 
196 
161 
103 

79.0 

80.0 


4,890 
14,300 
10,900 
7,070 
5,410 
9, 100 
11,200 
12, 100 
9, 5S0 
6,330 
4,860 
4,760 


A. 


November . . 





December 






c. 


January 






c 


February 






c. 


March 






c 


April 


208 
249 
249 
142 
81 




B 


M^y 


13G 
111 
83 
70 


B 




B 


July 


A. 


August 


A 




B. 










The year 






139 


100,000 













40 

Monthly dv 



DESCHUTES RIVER, OREGON. 

of Tumalo Creek near Laidlaw, Oreg.,for 1906-1912 — Continued. 



Month. 


Discharge in second-feet. 


Run-off 
(total in 
acre-feet). 


Accu- 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


racy. 


1910-11. 
October 






92.3 

87.0 

111 
82.3 
90.7 
63.0 
95.3 

134 

267 

140 
72.0 
67.9 


5,680 
5,180 
6,820 
5,060 
5,040 
3,870 
5,670 
8,240 
15,900 
8,610 
4,430 
4,040 


C. 








C. 


December 






c. 








c. 


February 






c. 


March 






c. 


April. . 


130 
244 
396 
244 
98 
79 


79 
108 
171 
79 
64 
64 


A. 


M^y 


A. 


June 


B. 


July 


A. 




A. 


September . . 


A. 






The year . 






109 


78,500 












1911-12. 
October 


72 


64 


65.0 
62.0 
70.0 
91.9 

85.9 
67.3 
75.8 

165 

294 

174 
99.2 
90.3 


4,000 
3,690 
4,300 
5,650 
4,940 
4,140 
4,510 
10, 100 
17,500 
10, 700 
6,100 
5,370 


A. 


November 


B. 


December 






C. 


January 






C. 


February ^ 


106 
88 
88 
298 
468 
244 
244 
119 


70 
61 
64 
79 
191 
130 
79 
83 


B. 


March 


A. 


AprU 


A. 


May 


A. 


June 


B. 


July 


A. 


August . 


A. 


September 


A. 






The year 






112 


81, 000 












1912. 
October 






73.3 
67.0 
91.3 


4,510 
3,990 
5,610 


B. 


November 






C. 




209 




C. 









TUMALO CREEK NEAR BEND, GREG. 

Location. — In the SE. I sec. 23, T. 17 S., R. 11 E. Willamette meridian, half a mile 

below highway bridge on Bend-Sisters. road, 4 miles above mouth. 
Records available. — October 6, 1906, to December 31, 1912 (fragmentary). This 

station is maintained in winter months only to insure a year-long record on the 

stream. The upper station is somewhat isolated and sometimes inaccessible in 

winter. 
Drainage area. — 57 square miles. 
Gage. — Vertical staff, nailed to overhanging stump, since November, 1910; previous 

records at different site. 
Channel. — Rocks and gravel; not liable to shift greatly. 
Discharge measurements. — At ordinary stages, made by wading near the gage; 

at flood stages, made from the highway bridge, one-half mile above gage. 
Winter flow. — Gage heights have been considerably affected by ice during extreme 

cold weather. 
Diversions. — All the water of this stream diverted above station, making it dry, 

except for seepage return, during the irrigation season. 
Accuracy. — An accurate open-channel curve has been developed, applicable except 

during extreme high stage. 



STREAM FLOW. 

Monthly discharge of Tumalo Creek near Bend, Oreg.,for 1912. 



41 



Month. 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximum. Minimum 



Mean. 



Run-ofE 
(total in 
acre-feet). 



January 28-31 . . 

February 

March 

April 

May 

Jvme 

July 1-8 

December 18-31 



70 
106 
116 

56 
209 
346 

68 
209 



70.0 
85.9 
70.2 
24.0 
84.6 

166 
62.5 

110 



555 
4,940 
4,320 
1,430 
5,200 



Note. — These discharges are published to afford a comparison with Laidlaw station minus diversions. 
Monthly discharges for other periods are included with those for Tumalo Creek near Laidlaw. 

SQUAW CREEK NEAR SISTERS, OREG. 

Location. — In sec. 30, T. 15 S., R. 10 E. Willamette meridian, about 4 miles above 
Sisters and above all diversions except McAllister's ditch. 

Records available.— July 1, 1906, to December 31, 1912. 

Drainage area. — 63 square miles. ' 

Gage. — Vei tical staff . 

Channel. — Gravel and rock; practically permanent. Backwater from a changeable 
dam reaches the gage and introduces changes in the rating curve. 

Discharge measurements. — Made from a foot log just above the gage. 

Winter flow. — Ice tends to jam above the dam, and during extreme cold weather 
effect is very marked. 

Diversions. — McAllister's ditch heads above this station and its flow is added to 
get the total. The low- water flow of the stream is all diverted by several irri- 
gation ditches below the station. 

Accuracy. — Records for 1910-1912 are good; those for previous years are subject to 
considerable error. 



Monthly discharge of Squaw Creeh near Sisters, Oreg.,for 1906-1912. 



Month. 


Discharge in second-feet. 


Rim-ofl 
(total in 
acre-feet). 


Accu- 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


racy. 


1906. 
July 


458 
185 
207 


136 
100 

72 


251 
133 
97.9 


15,400 
8,200 
5,830 


B. 
B. 
B. 


August 


September 




1906-7. 
October 


185 
990 


67 

58 


88.3 
226 
109 

90.0 
220 

92. 9 
114 
217 
195 
208 
122 

80.4 


5,400 
13, 400 
6, 700 
5,530 
12,200 
5,710 
6, 7S0 
13,300 
11,600 
12,S00 
7,500 
4,780 


B. 
C. 
C. 
C. 
C. 
B. 
B. 
C. 
B. 
B. 
C. 

c. 


November 


December a 


January a 






February 


940 
116 
132 


90 

87 
87 


March 


April 


May a 


June 


320 
290 
195 
130 


121 
165 
80 
59 


July 


August 


September 




The year 






147 


106,000 














« Estimated from comparison with Tumalo Creek. 



42 



Monthly discharge of Squaw Creeh near Sisters, Oreg.,for 1906-1912- 


-Continued. 


Month. 


Discharge in second-feet. 


Run-ofE 
(total in 
acre-feet). 


Accu- 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


racy. 


1907-8. 
October. . ... 


86 


59 


69.0 
78.2 
64.5 
67.6 
73.2 

104 

102 

125 

168 

213 

133 
90.3 


4,240 
4,650 
3,970 
4,160 
4,210 
6,400 
6,070 
7,690 
10,000 
13. 100 
8,180 
5,370 


C. 




C. 


December a 






C. 


January a 






C. 


February. 


76 
335 


65 
66 


n 


March 


B. 


April a. 


c 


Mayo 






C. 


June.. 


239 
297 
176 
122 


134 
152 
81 
68 


B 


July : 


B 


August 


B. 


September 


B. 






The year 






107 


78,000 












1908-9. 
October 


378 
118 
63 


66 


86.2 
76.9 
52.6 
59.2 
57.9 
60.7 
78.4 

127 

216 

169 

129 
91.4 


5,300 
4,580 
3,230 
3,640 
3,220 
3,730 
4,670 
7,810 
12,900 
10,400 
7,930 
5,440 


B. 


November 


B. 


December a... . . ... 


C. 


January a 





C. 


February a 






C. 


March a 






C. 


April .... . . 


98 
197 
272 
228 
173 
200 


74 
101 
173 
129 
99 
68 


B. 


May 


B. 


June 


B. 


July 


B. 


August . . 


B. 


September 


B. 






The year 






100 


72,800 












1909-10. 
October 


82 
1,960 
253 
155 
112 
253 
172 
310 
317 
226 
144 
188 


58 
69 
84 
68 
54 
84 
80 
112 
139 
146 
84 
66 


68.4 
255 
133 

86.3 

73.0 
118 
116 
183 
201 
178 
112 

95.0 


4,210 
15,200 
8,180 
5,310 
4,050 
7,260 
6,900 
11,300 
12,000 
10,900 
6,890 
5,650 


B. 


November 


C. 


December 


C. 


January 


C. 


February 


B 


March 


A, 


April 


A 


May 


A. 


June 


A. 


July 


A. 


August 


A 


September 


A. 






The year 


1,960 


54 


135 


97,800 








1910-11. 
October 


250 

307 

115 

76 

76 

62 

97 

128 

313 

344 

194 

117 


57 
41 
62 
50 
47 
42 
49 
80 
144 
163 
97 
65 


81.2 

102 
81.6 
61.7 
52.5 
50.4 
68.5 
93.8 

237 

223 

124 
80.4 


4,990 
6,070 
5,020 
3,790 
2,920 
3,100 
4,080 
5,770 
14, 100 
13,700 
7,620 
4,780 


A. 


November 


A. 


December 


B. 


January 


C. 




C. 


March . . 


B 


April 


A. 


May. 


A 




B. 


July .. . 


B 




A. 


September.. 


A 






The year 


344 


41 


105 


75,900 








1911-12. 
October 


65 

65 

60 

186 

130 

56 

■ 84 

261 

395 

261 

336 

152 


45 
46 
41 
49 
43 
32 
46 
60 
191 
158 
102 
72 


56.8 
58.3 
47.2 
68.8 
64.5 
45.7 
59.5 

131 

249 

202 

168 
90.2 


3,490 
3,470 
2,900 
4,230 
3,710 
2,810 
3,540 
8,060 
14,800 
12, 400 
10,300 
5,370 


A. 


November 


A. 


December 


C. 


January 


C. 


February 


B. 


March 


A. 


April 


A 


May 


A. 


June... 


B. 


July 


B. 


August 


A. 


September 


A. 






The year 


395 


32 


103 


75, 100 








1912. 
October 


102 
104 
66 


44 
54 
50 


64.7 
70.6 
55.1 


3,980 
4,200 
3,390 


B. 


November 


B. 


December 


C. 



o Estimated from comparison with Tumalo Creek. 



STKEAM FLOW. 



43 



CROOKED RIVER NEAR POST, OREG. 

Location. — In sec. 7, T. 17 S., R. 21 E., 12 miles above Post and half a mile below 

mouth of North Fork of Crooked River, at a point locally known as Stewarts 

Grade, just below dam site of proposed reservoir. 
Records available. — November 9, 1908, to August 27, 1911. 
Drainage area. — About 1,390 square miles. 
Gage. — Combination vertical staff and inclined staff. Vertical staff read at low 

water; datum lowered 1 foot October 22, 1909; all gage heights for 1909 reduced 

to new datum. 
Channel. — Rocks and bowlders; probably permanent. 
Discharge measurements. — Made from cable and car at gage section; conditions 

/ very poor. 
Winter flow. — Stream freezes and water sometimes flows over ice; gage height 

affected for two or three months each winter. Estimates of discharge during 

such periods have generally been made by comparison with records of the Prine- 

ville station. 
Diversions. — A considerable and unknown amount of water diverted for irrigation 

above station. 
Accuracy. — Results only fair on account of unfavorable conditions. 

Monthly discharge of Crooked River near Post, Oreg.,for 1908-1911. 



Month. 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximum. Minimum. Mean 



Run-ofi 
(total in 
acre-feet). 



Accu- 
racy. 



November 10-30. 

December 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 



1908-9. 



The period 



October. .. 
November. 
December. 
January... 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 



1909-10. 



The year . 



October. .. 
November. 
December . 
January . . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 



1910-11. 



The period . 



113 


71 


94 


64 


a 500 


a 50 


1,300 


156 


1,490 


265 


1,440 


520 


760 


162 


191 


27 


82 


27 


41 


9 


47 


14 



57 
2,740 



2,040 

3,040 

4,540 

940 

415 

31 

41 

15 



57 



2,200 

2,000 

370 

100 

19 

19 



87.4 
80.2 

189 

395 

699 

954 

314 
73.9 
39.8 
18.9 
33.8 



240 

800 

235 

36 

8 

13 

8 

10 



56.0 

431 
a 214 

351 

690 
1,900 

597 

152 
15.4 
17.3 
10.3 
27.9 



372.1 



94 
385 
114 

19 



46.2 

102 

274 

1-16 

174 
1,020 

770 

240 
42.8 
13.1 
12.4 



3,640 

4,930 

11,600 

21, 900 

43,000 

56,800 

19,300 

4,400 

2,450 

1,160 

2,010 



171,000 



3,440 

25, 600 

13,200 

21,600 

38,300 

117,000 

35, 500 

. 9,350 

91G 

1,060 

633 

1,660 



2G8, 000 



2,840 

6,070 

16,800 

8, 9S0 

9.()G0 

62,700 

45,800 

14,800 

2,550 

806 

702 



172.000 



o Estimated. 



44 



DESCHUTES RIVER, OREGON". 



CROOKED RIVER AT STEARNS RANCH, NEAR PRINEVILLE, OREG. 

Location. — In sec. 36, T. 15 S., R. 15 E., about 5| miles southeast of Prineville, 
near point from which diversion can be made to Agency Plains, north of lower 
Crooked River. 

Records available.— October 31, 1908, to December 31, 1912. 

Drainage area. — About 1,990 square miles. 

Gage. — Vertical staff; datum unchanged. 

Channel. — Sand; somewhat shifting. 

Discharge measurements. — At ordinary and flood stages made from a flume; at 
low water, by wading above a rifiie about half a mile above the gage. 

Winter flow. — Probably affected by ice during extremely cold weather. 

Diversion. — A large and undetermined amount of diversion above station for irri- 
gation. No storage developed. 

Accuracy. — Results good for total run-off, but somewhat uncertain for some low- 
water periods. 

Monthly discharge of Crooked River near Prineville, Oreg.^for 1908-1912. 



Month. 


Discharge in second-feet. 


Eun-ofl 
(total in 
acre-feet). 


Accu- 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


racy. 


1908-9. 
October 






40 
65 
65 

205 

421 

764 
1,150 

280 
68.8 
36.7 
26.0 
35.6 


2,460 

3,870 

4,000 

12,600 

23,400 

47,000 

68,000 

17,200 

4,090 

2,260 

1,600 

2,120 


C. 


November 






C. 


December 






C. 


January 


490 

2,350 

1,870 

2,130 

600 

160 

79 

36 

48 


65 

131 

245 

625 

96 

32 

23 

20 

22 


D. 


February 


A. 


March 


A. 


April . 


A, 


May 


A. 


June 


A. 


July 


B. 


August . 


C. 


September 


B. 






The year 






201 


189,000 












1909-10. 
October 


59 

4,630 

398 

2,510 

5,110 

9,080 

900 

450 

31 

18 

7.0 

41 


43 
53 
172 
108 
215 
813 
295 
38 
9.4 
6.6 
5.0 
5.0 


51.4 
530 
233 
369 
931 
3,260 
628 
187 
14.4 
8.91 
5.65 
18.6 


3,160 

31,500 

14,300 

22,700 

51,700 

200,000 

37,400 

11,500 

857 

548 

347 

1,110 


A. 


November 


C. 


December 


C. 


January . . 


D. 


February 


D. 


March 


D. 


April 


A. 


Mav... 


A. 


June 


A. 


July.. 


A. 


August 


A. 


September 


A. 






The year 


9,080 


5.0 


519 


375,000 








1910-11. 
October. . 


60 

376 

813 

310 

412 

2,980 

2,980 

633 

125 

34 

12 

26 


35 

44 

120 

109 

79 

60 

449 

130 

12 

4 

7 

7 


45.9 
106 
298 
159 
189 
1,310 
884 
296 

44.6 

17.5 
9.3 

18.1 


2,820 

6,310 

18,300 

9,780 

10, 500 

80, 600 

52,600 

18, 200 

2,650 

1,080 

572 

1,080 


A. 


November 


A. 


December . 


A. 


January 


B. 


February . ... 


A. 


March 


C. 


April 


B. 


May 


A. 


June 


A. 


July.. 


A. 


August 


A. 


September. 


A. 






The year 


2,980 


4 


282 


204,000 









STEEAM FLOW. 



45 



Monthly discharge of Crooked River near Frineville, Oreg.,for 1908-1912 — Continued. 



Month. 



Discliarge in second-feet. 



Maximum. Minimum. Mean, 



Run-ofE 

(total in 

acre-feet). 



Accu- 
racy. 



1911-12, 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

The year 

1912. 

October 

November 

December 



103 

103 

227 

1,760 

2,320 

948 

3,000 

2,520 

870 

148 

60 

55 



,000 

72 
103 
242 



250 

193 

930 

678 

34 

24 

20 

11 



50. 

66. 

80. 
354 
682 
361 
1,600 
1,490 
299 

67. 

33. 

34. 



424 

49.1 
85.5 
124 



3,120 

3,970 

4,960 

21,800 

39, 200 

22, 200 

95,200 

91, 600 

17,800 

4,120 

2,040 

2,040 



308,000 

3,020 
5,090 
7,620 



OCHOCO CREEK AT ELLIOTT S RANCH, NEAR PRINEVILLE, OREG. 

Location. — In the NE. \ sec. 5, T. 15 S., R. 17 E., at Elliott's ranch, 6 miles east of 
Prineville, Oreg., on the dam site of a reservoir proposed in connection with the 
development of the Ochoco irrigation project by the United States Reclamation 
Service. 

Records available.— October 29, 1908, to April 30, 1910. 

Drainage area. — 300 square miles. 

Gage. — Vertical staff. No change in gage datum since July 15, 1909, when the gage 
was lowered 0.75 foot. 

Channel . — Gravel . 

Discharge measurements. — Made from a cable near the gage. 

Diversions. — Elliott's ditch diverts water from the left bank of the creek about 
1,000 feet above the gaging station. Records of the flow of the ditch are kept in 
order to determine the total flow of the creek. There are other diversions for 
irrigation farther up the creek. 

Winter flow. — Gage heights not seriously affected by ice. 

Accuracy. — Rating curve good. Records considered good. 

Monthly discharge of Ochoco Creek near Prineville, Oreg., for 1908-1910. 



Month. 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximum. Minimum 



Mean. 



Run-off 
(in acre- 
feet). 



Accu- 
racy. 



November. 
December. . 
January . . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 



1908-9. 



22 

32 

306 

440 

276 

248 

170 

75 

17 

1. 

1. 



The period. 



October. .. 
November. 
December. 
January . . . 
February. . 

Marcli 

April 



1909-10. 



,050 
387 
422 
387 
608 
234 



The period. 



45 
148 
45 
18 






10.0 
10.3 
107 
113 
135 
181 
97.5 
32.0 
5.4 
.87 
.45 





83 
38 
52 
262 
67 



109 
158 
143 
110 
431 
148 



595 
633 
6,580 
6,280 
8,300 
10,800 
6,000 
1,900 



53.5 
26.8 



41,500 



8.0 
6,490 
9,720 
8,790 
6,110 
26,500 
8,810 



66,400 



46 



DESCHUTES EIVER^ OEEGON". 



METOLIUS RIVER AT ALLINGHAM RANGER STATION, NEAR SISTERS, 

OREG. 

Location. — In sec. 3, T. 13 S., R. 9 E., about 17 miles northwest of Sisters, at AUing- 
ham ranger station, 3 miles below head of river and IJ miles below mouth of 
Lake Creek. 

Records available. — September 15, 1910, to December 31, 1912. 

Drainage area. — 50 square miles. 

Gage. — Vertical staff on left bank, 100 yards below ranger station. 

Channel. — Rock and gravel; practically permanent. 

Discharge measurements. — Made by wading a short distance below the gage. 

Winter flow. — No effect of ice. 

Diversions. — None. 

Accuracy. — Records excellent. 

Cooperation. — Station maintained in cooperation with the United States Forest 
Service, 

Monthly discharge of Metolius River at Allingham ranger station, near Sisters, Oreg.,for 

1910-1912. 



Month. . 


Discharge tti second-feet. 


Run-off 
(iu acre- 
feet). 


Accu- 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


racy. 


1910. 
September 15-30 


356 


347 


350 


11, 100 


A. 






1910-11, 
October . 


361 
438 
465 
406 
381 
376 


352 
352 
381 
366 
361 
366 


356 
377 
415 
381 
370 
372 
391 
434 
406 
346 
329 
331 


21,900 
22,400 
25,500 
23,400 
20,500 
22,900 
23,300 
26,700 
24,200 
21,300 
20,200 
19,700 


A. 




A, 


December. . 


A, 




A. 


February 


A. 




A. 




B. 


May 


454 
427 
361 
333 
333 


411 
371 
329 
324 
329 


A, 


June 


A. 


July 


A. 




A. 


September . . . . 


A. 






The year 






376 


272,000 












1911-12. 
October 


329 
347 
336 
449 
566 
462 
411 
471 
517 
361 
352 
352 


311 
318 
311 
307 
406 
381 
371 
396 
361 
329 
329 
324 


320 
337 
324 
392 

478 
407 
378 
426 
458 
338 
330 
330 


19,700 
20,100 
19,900 
24,100 
27, 500 
25,000 
22,500 
26,200 
27,300 
20,800 
20,300 
19,600 


A. 


November 


A. 


December 


A. 




A. 


February 


A, 




A, 


April 


A. 


May 


A. 


June 


A. 


July 


A. 




A. 




A. 






The year 






376 


273,000 












1912. 
October 


352 


324 


333 


20,500 


A. 







STEEAM FLOW. 



47 



METOLIUS RIVER AT HUBBARD's RANCH, NEAR GRAND VIE w/ OREG. 

Location. — In sec. 34, T. 10 S., R. 10 E., about 20 miles from Grandview, 35 miles 
from Sisters, and 16 miles above the mouth of the river, 9 miles above the station 
at Riggs ranch, and 2 miles below Whitewater Creek, the lowest large tributary. 

Records available. — April 24, 1910, to December 31, 1912. 

Drainage area. — 299 square miles. 

Gage. — Vertical staff on right bank. 

Channel. — Gravel and bowlders; possibly shifting. Two channels below gage. 
Right channel carries about 10 second-feet. 

Discharge measurements. — Made from a standard car and cable half a mile below 
the gage. 

Winter flow. — No material effect of ice. 

Diversions. — A few small private irrigation ditches take out above the station. 

Accuracy. — The measurements made do not cover the range of stage. 

Cooperation. — Gage heights furnished without cost to the Survey by C. T. Hub- 
bard. 

Monthly discharge of Metolius River at Huhharcfs ranch, near Grandview, Oreg.,for 1912. 



Month. 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximum. Minimum. Mean 



Run-off 
(in acre- 



Accu- 
racy. 



March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September . 
October... 
November. 
December. 



The period. 



1,610 


1,450 


l,6i0 


1,450 


1,700 


1,450 


1,880 


1,610 


1,610 


1,530 


1,610 


1,450 


1,530 


1,370 


1,450 


1,370 


1,700 


1,370 


1,530 


1,370 



1,510 
1,500 
1,580 
1,670 
1,540 
1,490 
1,420 
1,400 
1,470 
1,380 



92, 800 
89, 300 
97, 200 
99,400 
94,700 
91,600 
84,500 
86, 100 
87, 500 
84,800 



908,000 



METOLIUS RIVER AT RIGGS RANCH, NEAR SISTERS, OREG. 



Location.— In the NE. \ sec. 28, T. 11 S., R. 11 E., about 26 miles north of Sisters 

and 7 miles above the mouth of the river. 
Records available.— October 22, 1908, to October 21, 1912. 
Drainage area. — 347 square miles. 
Gage. — Vertical staff. 

Channel. — Gravel and bowlders; practically permanent. 
Discharge measurements.— Made from a standard car and cable 50 feet above the 

gage. 
Winter flow. — Probably not affected by ice, as stream is fed almost entirely by 

springs. 
Diversions. — A few small private irrigation ditches divert water from this ri\'er 

above the station. 
Storage. — No storage developed. 
Accuracy. — Permanent rating curve developed, probably very close. 



1 Described in previous reports as "near Sisters." 



48 DESCHUTES EIVER, OREGON". 

Monthly discharge of Metolius River at Biggs ranch, near Sisters, Oreg., for 1908-1912. 



Month. 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximum. Minimum. Mean, 



Run-off 
(total in 
acre-feet). 



October 22-31 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September — 



1908-9. 



The period. 



October . . . 
November. 
December. 
January . . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 



1909-10. 



The year. 



October... 
November. 
December . 
January... 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . 



1910-11. 



The year . 



October... 
November. 
December . 
January . . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 



1911-12. 



The year. 



October 1-21 



1912. 



1,740 
1,650 
1,570 
2,320 
1,830 
1,650 
1,650 
1,740 
1,830 
1,650 
1,650 
1,530 



1,490 
3,890 
2,020 
1,880 
1,920 
2,770 
1,830 
1,920 
1,740 
1,610 
1,570 
1,530 



3,890 



1,830 
1,920 
1,830 
1,650 
1,490 
1,650 
1,570 
1,650 
1,830 
1,650 
1,570 
1,570 



1,920 



1,490 
1,570 
1,490 
2,020 
2,430 
1,830 
1,740 
2,020 
2,120 
1,740 
1,830 
1,650 



2,430 



1,490 



1,490 
1,490 
1,410 
1,410 
1,570 
1,570 
1,570 
1,570 
1,650 
1,570 
1,490 
1,410 



1,410 
1,410 
1,570 
1,530 
1,570 
1,780 
1,700 
1,700 
1,610 
1,570 
1,490 
1,450 



1,410 



1,450 
1,450 
1,530 
1,490 
1,410 
1,410 
1,490 
1,570 
1,650 
1,570 
1,490 
1.490 



1,410 



1,410 
1,410 
1,410 
1,330 
1,650 
1,650 
1,650 
1,650 
1,740 
1,650 
1,650 
1,490 



1,330 



1,550 
1,510 
1,470 
1,650 
1,640 
1,620 
1,610 
1,640 
1,710 
1,610 
1,530 
1,470 



1,450 
1,870 
1,730 
1,610 
1,610 
2,090 
1,750 
1,740 
1,650 
1,600 
1,540 
1,490 



1,490 
1,580 
1,610 
1,520 
1,490 
1,490 
1,550 
1,610 
1,670 
1,620 
1,500 
1,490 



1,550 



1,440 
1,470 
1,420 
1,590 
1,860 
1,680 
1,660 
1,760 
1,890 
1,660 
1,660 
1,580 



1,640 



30,700 
89,800 
90,400 
101,000 
91,100 
99,600 
95,800 
101,000 
102,000 
99,000 
94, 100 
87,500 



1,080,000 



89,200 
111,000 
106,000 
99,000 
89,400 
129,000 
104,000 
107,000 
98,200 
98,400 
94,700 
88,700 



1,210,000 



91,600 
94,000 
99,000 
93, 500 
82,800 
91,600 
92, 200 
-99,000 
99,400 
99,600 
92,200 
88,700 



1,120,000 



88,500 

87,500 

87,300 

97,800 

107,000 

103,000 

98,800 

108,000 

112,000 

102, 000 

102,000 

94,000 



1,190,000 



62,100 



STKEAM FLOW. 



49 



LAKE CREEK NEAR SISTERS, OREG. 

Location.— In the SE. ^ sec. 24, T. 13 S., R. 8 E., one-fourth mile below outlet of 
Suttle Lake and 6 miles from AUingham ranger station, 6 miles above mouth, 
19 miles northwest of Sisters. 

Records available. — May to November, 1911; March to September, 1912; occasional 
readings. 

Drainage area. — 20.5 square miles. 

Gage. — Vertical staff spiked to an alder on right bank. 

Channel. — Gravel; practically permanent. 

Discharge measurements. — Made by wading at different sections. 

Winter flow. — No winter records yet; probably not materially affected by ice. 

Diversions. — None. 

Accuracy. — Estimates roughly approximate. 

Cooperation. — Gage readings furnished by Perry A. South and L. D. Weist. 

Monthly discharge of Lake Creek near Sisters, Oreg./for 1911-12. 



Month. 



1911. 

June 

July..:.. 

August 

September 

1911-12 

October 

November 



discharge 

In 
second- 
feet. 



Run-off 
(total 

in acre- 
feet). 



4,110 
2,640 
2,280 



1,840 
2,500 



Month. 



1911-12 

March 

April 

May 

Jime 

July.... 

August 

September 



Mean 
discharge 

in 
second- 
feet. 



Run-ofl 
(total 

in acre- 
feet). 



3,630 
3,090 
4,610 
5,300 
3,010 
2,520 
2,260 



WHITEWATER CREEK AT MOUTH, NEAR GRANDVIEW, OREG. 



Location. — In sec. 28, T. 10 S., R. 10 E., one-fourth mile above the mouth of creek, 
15 miles northwest of Grand view and 27 miles north of Sisters by road. 

Records available. — ^May 28, 1911, to December 31, 1912. Gage read about once a 
week. 

Drainage area. — Not measured. 

Gage. — Vertical staff secured to alder on right bank; prior to September 18, 1911, 
vertical staff at about same location and datum. 

Channel. — Gravel and small bowlders. Control formed by a fallen tree. 

Discharge measurements. — Made by wading. 

Winter flow. — Little if any affected by ice, at least in the afternoon when the gage 
is usually read. 

Diurnal fluctuation. — Considerable at times of rapid melting of snow. 

Accuracy. — Records good for low water, when the stream is steady, but only approxi- 
mate at high water. 

Cooperation. — Maintained in cooperation with the Office of Indian Affairs. 
48348°— wsp 344—14 4 



50 



DESCHUTES EIVER, OREGON. 



Monthly discharge of Whitewater Creek near Grandview, Oreg.,for 1911-12. 



Month. 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximum. Minimum 



Rim-ofE 
(ia acre- 
feet). 



Accu- 
racy. 



1911. 

Jvme2-30 

July 

August 

September 

1911-12. 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

The year 

1912. 

October 

November 

December 



201 

183 

117 

71 



57 

66 

63 

802 

370 

108 

91 

259 

394 

177 

325 

129 



239 
122 



123 

118 

71 

48 



48 
41 
46 
91 
58 
58 
88 
152 
127 
74 



41 



152 

140 
84.3 
62.9 



47.7 
58.6 
51.4 

134 

145 
76.5 
76.6 

163 

221 

151 

119 
71.0 



110 



55.8 
92.2 
57.2 



8,740 
8,610 
5,180 
3,740 



2,930 
3,490 
3,160 
8,240 
8,340 
4,700 
4,560 
10,000 
13,200 
9,280 
7,320 
4,220 



79,400 



3,430 
5,490 
3,520 



SHITIKE CREEK AT WARM SPRING, OREG. 

Location.— In the NE. \ sec. 26, T. 9 S., R. 12 E., at Warm Spring, about 2 miles 

above the mouth of the creek and below all tributaries. 
Records available. — June 11, 1911, to December 31, 1912. 
Drainage area. — Not measured. 
Gage. — Vertical staff on left bank opposite store. 
Channel. — Gravel and sand ; liable to shift somewhat. 
Discharge measurements. — Made by wading or from footbridge. 
Winter flow. — Apparently unaffected by ice. 
Diversion. — Probably no diversion above the station. 
Accuracy. — Results for 1911 and 1912 good except for high water and for certain 

periods not covered by measurements, during which channel may have shifted. 
Cooperation. — Station maintained in cooperation with the Office of Indian Affairs. 



Monthly discharge of ShitiJce Creek at Warm Spring, Oreg.,for 1911-12. 



Month. 


Discharge in second-feet. 


Run-off 
(in acre- 
feet). 


Accu- 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


racy. 


1911. 
June 11-30 


248 

134 

75 

86 


120 
66 
50 
50 


151 
93.2 
59.8 
61.9 


5,970 
5,730 
3,680 
3,680 


B. 


July 

August 


B. 
B, 


September 


B. 






1911-12. 
October 


66 
147 

75 
593 
383 
265 
190 
296 
338 
161 
102 
112 


57 
57 
57 
57 
112 
190 
102 
112 
148 
102 
66 
58 


57.3 
72.9 
63.6 

172 

195 

212 

135 

188 

200 

125 
80.2 
67.2 


3,520 

4,340 

3,910 

10,600 

11,200 

13,000 

8,030 

11,600 

11,900 

7,690 

4,930 

4,000 


B. 




B. 


December... . ... 


B. 




B. 


February 


B. 


March 


B. 


ADril. . . . 


A. 


Miy.::::::::.. :.:.:.:...: 


A. 


June 


B. 


July 


A. 


August 


A. 


September 


A. 






The year 


593 


57 


131 


94,700 








1912. 
October 


73 
112 
135 


58 
66 
73 


62.5 
83.9 
82.8 


3,840 
4,990 
5,090 


A. 




B. 


December . 


B. 







STKEAM FLOW. 



51 



WARM SPRINGS RIVER NEAR WARM SPRING, OREG. 

Location. — In the NE. I sec. 19, T. 8 S., R. 13 E., at bridge on road between Warm 
Spring and Simnasho, 9 miles from the former and 15 miles from the latter. 

Records available. — July 29, 1911, to December 31, 1912, fragmentary. 

Drainage area. — Not measured. 

Gage. — Vertical staff spiked to pier of old bridge. 

Channel. — Gravel; practically permanent. 

Discharge measurements. — Made from stringer of old bridge or by wading. 

Winter flow. — River probably never freezes. 

Diversions. — None . 

Accuracy. — Rating curve good; accuracy depends on gage readings which well cover 
the low water. Results for high water only approximate. 

Cooperation. — Station maintained in cooperation with the Office of Indian Affairs. 

Monthly discharge of Warm Springs River near Warm Spring, Oreg.,for 1911-12. 



Month. 


Mean 
discharge 
in second- 
feet. 


pa 


Accu- 
racy. 


Month. 


Mean 
discharge 
in second- 
feet. 


Run-ofl 
(total in 
acre-feet). 


Accu- 
racy. 


1911. 
August 


268 
266 
266 
292 
390 


16,500 
15,800 
16,400 
17,400 
24,000 


B. 
B. 
B. 
C. 
B. 

B. 


. 1912. 
August 


289 
302 
295 
342 
323 


17,800 
18,000 
18,100 
20,400 
19,900 


B. 


September 


September 


B. 


October 


October 


B. 


November . . 


November 


A. 


December 


December 


B. 




The period 








90,100 




115,000 




1912. 
July 










345 


21,200 









WHITE RIVER NEAR TYGH VALLEY, OREG. 



Location. — In sec. 10, T. 4 S., R. 13 E., 1 mile south of Tygh Valley, 1 mile above 

mouth of Tygh Creek, and 4 miles above the White River Falls plant of the Pacific 

Power & Light Co. 
Records available. — ^June 18, 1911, to December 31, 1912. 
Drainage area. — Not measured. 

Gage. — Vertical staff on lower corner of left pier of highway bridge. 
Channel. — Gravel and sand; shifting. White River carries a heavy load of glacial 

sediment at times. 
Discharge measurements. — Made from lower side of highway bridge. 
Winter flow. — Affected by ice; ice jams occasionally form during extremely cold 

weather. 
Diversions. — Probably no diversion from White River above the station, although 

diversion of water for irrigation lands south of lower White River is doubtless 

feasible. 
Accuracy. — Results good during low water, but somewhat uncertain at other times, 

as not enough measurements have been made to determine possible shifts. 



52 



DESCHUTES KIVER, OREGON. 



Monthly discharge of White River near Tygh Valley, Oreg.,for 1911-12. 



Month. 



Discliaxge in second-feet. 



Maximum. Minimum. Mean, 



Run-off 
(total in 
acre-feet). 



Accu- 
racy. 



June 18-30 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 1-15 . 



1911. 



The period. 



January 13-31 . 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September... 

October 

November 

December 



1912. 



The period. 



378 
259 
139 
244 
189 
498 



1,520 
485 
845 

1,120 
670 
320 
210 
252 
228 
360 
510 



263 
127 
102 
102 
127 
127 



510 
300 
410 
560 
320 
180 
150 
150 
156 
156 
174 



302 
179 
112 
143 
139 
245 



1,370 
918 
361 
562 
768 
491 
233 
167 
170 
175 
236 
201 



7,780 
11,000 
6,890 
8,510 
8,550 
7,290 



50, 000 



51,600 
52, 800 
22, 200 
33,400 
47,200 
29, 200 
14,300 
10,300 
10, 100 
10,800 
14,000 
12,400 



308,000 



TYGH CREEK AT TYGH VALLEY, OREG. 

Location. — In sec. 3, T. 4 S., R. 13 E., about one-fourth mile north of the Tygh 

Valley poet office, 100 feet below the wagon bridge, and about 1 mile-above mouth 

of river. 
Records available. — ^June 9 to September 30, 1911; March 8 to October 15, 1912. 
Drainage area. — Not measured. 
Gage. — Vertical staff. 

Channel. — Gravel and sand; shifts somewhat. 
Discharge measurements. — Made from downstream rail of the highway bridge at 

Tygh Valley, or by wading. 
Winter flow. — Materially affected by ice; no records obtained during the winter. 
Accuracy. — Results good during low water; uncertain at higher stages on account of 

possible shifts. 

Monthly discharge of Tygh Creek at Tygh Valley, Oreg.,for 1911-12. 



Month. 


Discharge in second-feet. 


Rim-ofl 
(total in 
acre-feet). 


Accu- 


Maximimi. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


racy. 


1911. 
June 11-30 


130 
63 
16 
74 
30 


66 
14 
11 
11 
22 


92.3 
30.0 
14.9 
31.1 
25.8 


3,660 
1,840 
916 
1,850 
1,590 


A. 


July 


A. 


AURUSt 


A. 




A. 


October 


B. 














9,860 














1912. 
March 9-31 


196 

282 

282 

200 

85 

34 

44 

32 


94 
150 
150 
85 
32 
23 
23 
25 


121 

179 

216 

155 
48.0 
27.7 
28.7 
29.5 


5,500 
10, 700 
13,300 
9,220 
2,950 
1,700 
1,710 
878 


B. 


April 


0. 


Mav 


C 




B. 


July 


A. 


August 


A. 




A. 


October 1-15 


A. 






The period 








46,000 















STKEAM FLOW. 



53 



CANAL STATIONS. 
CENTRAL OREGON CANAL AT BEND, OREG, 

Location. — In sec. 7, T. 18 S., R. 12 E. Willamette meridian, at a flume section 
1 mile below the division point where the waters in the main diversion canal 
are divided between this canal and the Pilot Butte canal, about 2 miles south 
of Bend, Oreg. 

Records available. — May 11, 1905, to December 31, 1912. 

Gage. — A vertical staff consisting of a painted strip of galvanized iron nailed to 
the inside of flume on right side. 

Channel. — A plank flume of rectangular cross section provided with batting on 
bottom cracks. Flume rather unstable, but the rating appears not to change. 

Discharge measurements. — Made from yoke of flume at gage section. 

Winter flow. — Canal operated almost continuously. The flow in winter is small 
in volume. The fall through the "section of the gage is sufficient to maintain 
open channel at all times. 

Accuracy. — Records accurate. Earlier records of discharge of over 100 second-feet 
subject to revision on account of measurements made at depth giving erroneous 
results. 

Cooperation. — Station maintained in cooperation with the Central Oregon Irriga- 
tion Co. 

Monthly discharge of Central Oregon canal near Bend, Oreg., for 1905-1912. 



Month. 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximum. Minimum. Mean 



Run-off 
(total in 
acre-feet). 



Accu- 
racy. 



1905. 

March 11-17 

June 

July 

August 

September 

1905-6 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

The year 

1906-7 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

The year , 



105 

82 

94 

96 

105 

74 

70 

74 

97 

138 

138 

138 



138 



133 
114 
100 
65 
97 
96 
112 
146 
182 
187 
194 
134 





16 









12 



70 

103 

124 

130 



118 



47 





34 

94 

98 

128 



112 

92 



14.9 
36.6 
19.5 
26.8 
43.4 



45.9 
65.6 
54.8 
35.2 
26.2 
28.0 
49.6 
58.0 
86.5 

118 

131 

134 



128 
48.5 
73.8 
17.7 
50.0 
83.5 

100 

126 

148 

121 

156 

118 



207 
2,180 
1,200 
1,650 
2,580 



2,820 
3,900 
3,370 
2,160 
1,460 
1,720 
2,950 
3,570 
5,150 
7,260 
8,060 
7,970 



50.400 



7,870 
2,890 
4,540 
1,090 
2,780 
5,130 
5,950 
7,750 
8,810 
7,440 
9,590 
7,020 



194 



97.5 



70,900 



54 DESCHUTES RIVER, OREGON. 

Monthly discharge of Central Oregon canal near Bend, Or eg ., for 1905-1912 — Contd, 



Month. 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximum. Minimum. Mean 



Run-off 
(total in 
acre-feet). 



1907-8. 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March. 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

The year 

1908-9. 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

The year 

1909-10, 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

The year 

1910-11, 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June.... 

July 

August 

September 

The year 

1911-12, 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June .- 

July 

August 

September 

The year 

1912. 

October 

November 

December 



134 
118 
118 
102 
100 
118 
112 
146 
170 
207 
226 
194 



226 

176 

107 

128 

97 

97 

97 

164 

214 

240 

256 

246 

200 



256 



152 
123 



102 
170 
246 
252 
272 
272 
233 



272 



182 
158 
123 
146 
123 
107 
182 
207 
272 
272 
272 
233 



272 



158 
134 
134 
92 
123 
123 
123 
246 
272 
272 
246 
233 



272 



194 
158 
112 





41 









57 

112 

146 

170 

194 

176 



104 

104 
69.3 
32.0 
15.7 
23.3 
86.4 

136 

158 

201 

205 

185 



107 

35 







32 

88 

164 

25 



172 

146 



110 

141 
56.1 
43.1 
9.71 
39.1 
72.6 

128 

194 

191 

144 

224 

172 



118 



112 





83 

8 

214 




122 
21.7 
9.10 
17.2 
25.3 
46.4 

124 

160 

208 

258 

132 

192 



110 



158 



12 



8 



74 

182 

9 

170 

22 

152 



170 
47.8 
69.7 
27.1 
25.0 
43.3 

130 

195 

226 

250 

250 

184 



135 



123 










220 
158 



133 
41.4 
19.0 
15.3 
23.6 
42.1 
60.2 

172 

248 

239 

241 

180 



118 



146 





174 
132 
22.9 



6,400 

6,190 

4,260 

1,970 

903 

1,430 

5,140 

8,360 

9,400 

12,400 

12,600 

11,000 



80, 100 

8,670 

3,340 

2,650 

597 

2,170 

4,460 

7,620 

11,900 

11,400 

8,850 

13,800 

10,200 



85, 700 



7,500 

1,290 

560 

1,060 

1,410 

2,850 

7,380 

9,840 

12,400 

15,900 

8,120 

11,400 



79,700 



10,500 

2,840 

4,290 

1,670 

1,390 

2,660 

7,740 

12, 000 

13, 400 

15, 400 

15, 400 

10,900 



?,200 



8,180 

2,460 

1,170 

941 

1,360 

2,590 

3,580 

10,600 

14,800 

14, 700 

14, 800 

10. 700 



85, 900 



10, 700 
7,860 
1,410 



Sa?EEAM FLOW. 



55 



PILOT BUTTE CANAL NEAR BEND, OREG. 

Location. — In sec. 7, T. 18 S., R. 12 E., at a point in the canal directly opposite the 
gaging station on Central Oregon canal, about 2 miles south of Bend and 1 mile 
below the division point where the waters are divided between this canal and 
the Central Oregon canal. 

Records available. — March 6, 1905, to December 31, 1912. 

Gage. — Vertical staff on right bank directly opposite the gage in flume of Central 
Oregon canal. 

Channel. — Gage section is in rock and is permanent. 

Discharge measurements. — Made by wading at the gage or from a highway bridge 
half a mile below the gage. 

Winter flow. — Operated intermittently during the frozen season to provide water 
for stock and domestic purposes. No ice effect. 

Accuracy. — Conditions favorable; results excellent. 

Cooperation. — Station maintained in cooperation with the Central Oregon Irriga- 
tion Co. 

Monthly discharge of Pilot Butte canal near Bend, Oreg.,for 1905-1912. 



Month. 



Discharge m second-feet. 



Maximum. Minimum 



Run-off 
(total in 
acre-feet). 



Accu- 
racy. 



March &-31 . 
April 1-5 o, 

June 

July 

August 

September. 



1905. 



October . . . 
November. 
December. 
January . . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July....... 

August 

September. 



1905-6. 



The year 



October... 
November. 
December. 
January... 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August .... 
September. 



1906-7. 



The year. 



49 
41 
68.6 
89.9 
85.7 
111 



60 

48 

48 

48 

48 

119 

111 

117 

144 

148 

121 



148 



121 
89 
44 
12 
53 
39 
95 
127 
162 
166 
162 
144 



166 



29 



5 

36 









16 

31 

73 

103 



92 



22 



11 





39 

39 

95 

103 



98 

73 



27.2 
31.4 
55.7 
56.3 
66.8 



76.5 
56.7 
26.1 
10.8 
31.4 
16.6 
52.9 
79.7 
97.0 

136 

129 

120 



3.4 



108 
20.6 
31.4 
3.0 
26.2 
39.0 
71.4 

110 

151 

118 

148 

108 



77.8 



1,400 
311 
3,310 
3,460 
4,110 
5,270 



4,700 
3,370 
1,610 
664 
1,740 



1,020 
3,150 
4,900 
5,770 
8,360 
7,930 
7,140 



50, 400 



6,640 
1,230 
1,930 
184 
1,460 
2,400 
4,250 
6, 760 
8, 980 
7,260 
9,100 
6,430 



56,600 



o Water was turned out of canal April ( 
was some diversion in latter part of May. 



and for a month or more all the water was in the river. Thoro 



56 



DESCHUTES EIVER^ OREGOIT. 



Monthly discharge of Pilot Butte canal near Bend, Oreg., for 1905-1912 — Continued. 



Month. 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximum. Minimum. Mean 



Run-off 
(total in 
acre-feet). 



1907-8. 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

The year 

1908-9. 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

Ausjust 

September 

The year 

1909-10. 

October : 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

The year 

1910-11 

October 

November 

December 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

The year 

1911-12 

Octobe'- 

Novemoer 

December 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

The year 

1912. 

October 

November 

December 



144 
136 
162 



127 
127 
172 
212 
218 
182 



218 



136 
111 

60 

42 

60 

73 

111 

172 

182 

212 

202 

144 



212 



111 



42 
53 
66 
144 
172 
192 
202 
202 
172 



202 



130 

111 

88 

77 

53 

73 

144 

162 

192 

212 

202 

192 



212 



111 
95 



182 
202 
226 
233 
180 



233 



162 
95 



1 











66 



127 

182 

182 

91 



95 









17 

73 

111 

153 



108 

108 















73 



136 

192 

148 

92 



111 






60 
2 

182 



83 













80 

24 

178 

182 

127 



99.5 
66.1 
24.1 
19.4 
24.8 
61.4 
96.6 

114 

150 

204 

204 

148 



101 



123 
31.8 
13.4 
1.4 
22.0 
52.7 
93.4 

150 

176 

128 

182 

131 



92.1 



91.4 
15.2 
1.7 
4.0 
11.0 
29.6 
91.8 

121 

185 

197 

189 

145 



90.1 



118 
34.9 
24.0 
11.5 
3.4 
18.1 
80.7 

143 

175 

196 

182 

138 



93.7 



105 
56.0 
9.2 
10.3 
12.0 
23.3 
43.8 

134 

185 

212 

214 

146 



95.9 



117 
75.4 



6,120 
3,930 
1,480 
1,190 
1,430 
3,780 
5,750 
7,010 
8,930 
12, 500 
12,500 
8,810 



73, 400 



7,560 
1,890 
824 
86. 
1,220 
3,240 
5,560 
9,220 

10,500 
7,870 

11,200 
7,800 



67,000 



5,620 

904 

105 

246 

611 

1,820 

5,460 

7,440 

11,000 

12, 100 

11,600 

8,630 



65,500 



7,260 

2,080 

1,480 

707 

189 

1,110 

4,800 

8,790 

10, 400 

12, 100 

11,200 

8,210 



68,300 



6,460 

3,330 

566 

633 

690 

1,430 

2,610 

8,240 

11,000 

13,000 

13,200 

8,690 



7,190 

4,490 

590 



STEEAM FLOW. 



57 



WIMEB, CANAL NEAR LAIDLAW, OREG. 

Location. — In sec. 2, T. 18 S., R. 10 E., about 15 miles from Laidlaw, half a mile 
below the intake and below controlling spillway. 

Records available. — 1906 to 1912. Observations in 1906-7 taken just below intake 
and above controlling spillway. 

Gage. — Vertical staff; no change in datum since April 1, 1908. 

Channel. — Flume. 

Discharge measurements. — Made by wading or from yoke of flume. 

Winter flow. — Not operated during season of ice. 

Accuracy. — Good except in 1911 and 1912, during which time sufficient measure- 
ments have not been made to determine possible changes in rating. 

Cooperation. — Station maintained in cooperation with the Columbia Southern 
Irrigation Co. 

Monthly discharge of Wimer canal near Laidlaw, Oreg.^for 1906-1912. 



Month. 


Discharge in second-feet. 


Run-off 
(total in 
acre-feet). 


Accu- 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


racy, 


1906. 
June 16-30 


49 
50 
18 
24 
35 


42 
19 
16 
16 



44.5 
34.5 
16.5 
16.4 
17.0 


1,320 
2,120 
1,010 
976 
1,050 


B 


July 


c 


August 


c 


September. 


c 


October 


c 






The period 








6,480 














1907. 
AprU19-30 


24 
45 

48 
39 

34 
27 

27 


22 
23 
18 
30 

27 

24 




23.0 
31.9 
31.8 
34.7 
30.2 
25.6 
23.0 


548 
1,960 
1,890 
2,130 
1,860 
1,520 
1,410 


c 


May 


B. 
B. 
B. 
B. 
B. 
B. 


June 


July 


August 


September 


October 




The period 








11,300 














1908. 
April 


14.2 
16.8 
27.0 
30.0 
30.0 
21.0 
21.0 




13.0 
16.8 
25.5 
19.6 
15.5 
10.7 


10.3 
14.7 

22.4 
28.8 
26.0 
20.6 
15.6 


613 
904 
1,330 
1,770 
1,600 
1,230 
959 


A. 
A. 
A. 
A. 
A. 
A. 
A. 


May..: :..::::::::: ::': 


June 


July 


August: 


September 


October . 




The period 








8,410 














1909. 
AprU 19-30 


13.3 
16.4 
29.3 
34.4 
31.3 
22.0 
21.4 


9.1 



15.9 
22.9 
20.0 
18.6 
20.8 


10.7 
12.3 
18.2 
30.7 
29.8 
19.9 
21.2 


255 
756 
1,080 
1,890 
1,830 
1,180 
1,300 


A. 
B. 
A. 
A. 
A. 
A. 
A. 


M^y :.:.::::::::::: ::": 


June 


July : . 


August 


September 


October 




The period 








8, 290 














1910. 
Aprilll-30 


27 
30 
30 
33 


12 
24 
21 
27 


22.6 
24.9 
24.8 
28.4 


897 
1,530 
1,480 

507 


A. 
A. 
A. 
A. 


May ■ " 


June 


July 1-9 




1911. 
April7-3p 


22 
24 
26 
32 
26 
18 
18 


11 
15 

24 

18 
18 
9 


16.2 
21.5 
19.2 
27. 9 
20. 3 
18.0 
12.7 


771 
1,320 
1,110 
1,720 
1,250 
1,070 

781 


B. 
B. 
B. 
B. 
B. 
B. 
B. 


May....: 


June 


July 


August 


September 


October 




The period 








8,050 















58 



DESCHUTES EIVER^ OKEGOH. 



Monthly discharge of Wimer canal near Laidlaw, Oreg., for 1906-1912 — Continued. 



Month. 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximum. 



Minimum. 



Mean. 



Run-off 
(total in 
acre-leet). 



Accu- 
racy, 



April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October. .. 



1912. 



12.4 
19.0 
23.7 
25.0 
21.1 
16.0 
8.0 





8.0 
19.8 
17.2 
12.4 

8.0 





8.78 
13.9 
22.4 
23.4 
14.9 
9.38 
3.87 



The period . 



522 
855 
1,330 
1,440 
916 
558 
238 



5,860 



COLUMBIA SOUTHERN CANAL NEAR LAIDLAW, OREG. 

Location. — In sec. 2, T. 18 S., R. 10 E., about 15 miles from Laidlaw and one-fourth 

mile below head gate. 
Records available. — 1906 to 1912, irrigating season. 
Gage. — Vertical staff on the upstream side of a wasteway flume, about one-fourth 

mile below intake. 
Channel. — Flume. 

Discharge measurements. — Made by wading or from a foot log at the gage. 
Winter flow. — Canal not operated during season of ice. 
Accuracy. — Rating curve well determined for unobstructed channel. Records for 

1911-12 somewhat uncertain on account of insufficient measurements to detect 

possible changes in channel. 
Cooperation. — Gage readings furnished by the Columbia Southern Irrigation Co. 

Monthly discharge of Columbia Southern canal near Laidlaw, Oreg., for 1906-1912. 



Month. 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximum. Minimum. Mean 



Run-off 
(total in 
acre-feet). 



Accu- 
racy. 



May 15-31.. 

Jvme 

July 

August 

September. 
October. . . 



1906. 



The period . 



April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October. . . 



1907. 



The period . 



April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October. . . 



The period . 



114 



45 
79 
112 
126 
126 
73 
63 



50 
73 
98 
112 
85 
63 
58 



67.2 
66.6 
91.7 
66.3 
62.4 
61.3 



40.0 
66.9 
99.1 
116 
77.8 
66.8 
60.7 



33.1 
54.9 
88.4 
109 
63.7 
58.3 
54.8 



2,260 
3,960 
5,640 
4,080 
3,710 
3,770 



23,400 



2,380 
4,110 
5,900 
7,130 
4,780 
3,970 
3,730 



,000 



1,970 
3,380 
5,260 
6,700 
3,920 
3,470 
3,370 



28,100 



STREAM PLOW. 



50 



Monthly discharge of Columbia Southern canal near Laidlaw, Oreg., for 1906-1912- 

Continued. 



Month. 



Discliarge in second-feet. 



Maximum. Minimum. Mean 



Run-off 
(total in 
aore-feet). 



Accu- 
racy. 



April 6-30. 

May 

Jiane 

July 

August 

September. 
October. . . 



1909. 



The period . 



April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 1-11.. 

The period. 



1910. 



April 

May 

June.. 

July 

August 

September. 
October. .. 



1911. 



The period. 



February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September... 
October 1-15. 



1912. 



The period. 



64 
104 
114 
117 

73 



111 
118 
91 
59 
64 



62 
91 
119 
119 
49 
63 
45 



34 

54 
91 
118 
118 
91 
71 
59 



2 
64 
104 

74 
47 
50 



43.6 

88.3 

106 

103 
55.3 
53.4 
48.4 



47.9 
77.3 
105 
74.4 
55.6 
59.5 



38.6 
78.2 
106 
92.8 
45.3 
45.6 
37.4 



5.3 


37.7 
64.6 

101 

111 
66.1 
55.7 
53.0 



2,160 
5,430 
6,310 
6,330 
3,400 
3,180 
2,980 



29,800 



2,850 
4,750 
6,250 
4,570 
3,420 
1,300 



23, 100 



2,300 
4,810 
6,310 
5,710 
2,790 
2,710 
2,300 



26,900 



305 


2,240 
3,970 
6,010 
6,820 
4,060 
3,310 
1,580 



28.300 



MCALLISTER'S DITCH NEAR SISTERS, OREG. 

Location.— About 100 yards below intake, in the SW. I sec. 30, T. 15 S., R. 10 E., 
below first spillway. 

Records available.— May 2 to November 22, 1909 (from 1909 to 1911, inclusive, 
station was above spillway); June 29, 1910, to December 31, 1912. 

Gage. — Plug above weir at mean level of crest on which heights of water are measured. 
Gage used, 1909-1911, was vertical staff in side of ditch. 

Channel. — Sharp-crested Cippoletti weir 5 feet long; no velocity of approach; 
formerly earth section of canal. 

Discharge measurements. — From cross piece of waste gate or by wading. 

Winter flow. — Water shut off in freezing weather. 

Accuracy.— Results, 1909-1911, are subject to much uncertainty because of infrequent 
measurements and changes in conditions. Gage heights also were liable to be 
affected by changes in the wasteway just below the station. Records for 1912 are 
not directly comparable with those for previous years, as there is some water wasted 
from the spillway which would pass old gage but not the weir. 



60 DESCHUTES EIVER, OEEGOIT. 

Monthly discharge of McAllister^ s ditch near Sisters, Oreg., for 1909-1912. 



Month. 


Discharge in second-feet. 


Run-ofi 
(total m 
acre-feet). 


Accu- 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


racy. 


1909. 
May 2-31 . . . 


22 
27 
20 
17 
15 


13 
17 
13 

11 

8.4 


15.4 
21.6 
16.8 
13.1 
10.4 


916 

1,290 

1,030 

806 

619 


B 


June 


B. 


July . 


B 


August 


B. 


September 


C. 






The period 








4,660 














1909-10. 
October 


11 

25 

18 

12.5 

14 


7.6 

14 
7.6 
5.9 


8.15 
8.18 
15.1 
10.5 
8.07 


501 
487 
928 
646 
480 


c 


November 


C. 


July 


B 


August 


B. 


September 


B, 






1910-11. 
October . 


11.5 
6.6 
3.1 
5.3 


3.1 
2.2 
2.2 



4.49 
3.42 
2.25 
1.16 


1.28 
2.72 
4.29 
13.2 
9.57 
5.76 
5.63 


276 
204 
138 

71 


79 
162 
264 
786 
588 
354 
335 


B 


November 


B. 


December . 


c 


January 


C. 


February 




March. 


3.6 
4.2 
6.0 

18 

13 

14 
6.6 




2.2 

3.6 

8.1 

7.4 

4.2 

1.0 


c 


April 


C. 


May 


C. 


June ; . . . 


B. 


July 

August 

September ... 


B. 
B. 
C. 






The year . 






4.48 


3,260 












1911-12. 
October 


5.3 
5.3 


4.2 



5.26 
4.32 



.65 
3.80 
6.42 
5.79 
4.71 
3.67 
4.27 


323 

257 







40 

226 

395 

345 

290 

226 

254 


C. 


November 


C. 


December 




January 








February 








March 


2.7 
5.6 
10.3 
8.2 

7.8 
7.4 
8.8 




2.8 

3.9 

4.3 








A. 


April. 


A. 


May 


A. 


June 


A. 


July 


A. 


August . . 


A. 


September 


A. 






The year 








2,300 














1912. 
October 


2.7 
4.3 
2.5 


1.5 
1.3 



1.93 
2.17 

.87 


119 
129 
53 


A. 


November 


A. 


December 


A. 







SUMMARIES OF DISCHARGE FOR PRINCIPAL STATIONS. 

In order to bring the large number of stream-flow records available 
on Deschutes River into convenient form for comparison and use, 
tables have been prepared summarizing the yearly maximum, mini- 
mum, and mean discharge and totals in acre-feet for all stations for 
which the records cover four or more continuous years. These 
summaries, like the estimates of monthly discharge, have been made 
out for the cUmatologic year beginning October 1 and ending Sep- 
tember 30. 

The irrigation season in many localities, especially in northerly 
latitudes, closes with September, and the cUmatologic year thus 
includes one period of storage and one of growth. At the beginning 



STKEAM FLOW. 



61 



of the year ground storage is usually at a minimuin; there is no snow 
on the ground, practically no water is held over, and the run-off 
recorded for the period constitutes an actual year's supply that 
should be directly comparable with the rainfall, if such a relation may 
be assumed to exist. 

Yearly discharge of Deschutes River at Allen's ranch, near Lava, Oreg., 1905-1912. 





Discharge in second-feet. 


Kun-off. 


Year. 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


Acre-feet. 


Per cent 
of mean. 


1905 (Feb. 17-Sept. 30) . 


382 
559 

1,890 
687 
575 

2,150 
559 
760 


89 
79 
89 
120 
115 
115 
106 
97 


212 
193 
356 
254 
246 
385 
222 
271 


95,200 
139,000 
258,000 
184,000 
178,000 
279,000 
161,000 
197,000 




1905-6 


70 


1906-7 


130 


1907-8 


92 


1908-9 - 


89 


1909-10 


140 


1910 11 


81 


1911-12 


99 






Mean - - ... 






275 


199,000 













Yearly discharge of Deschutes River at Benham Falls, Oreg., 1904-1912. 





Discharge in second-feet. 


Run-ofi. 


Year. 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


Acre-feet. 


Per cent 
of mean. 


1904-5 a 


2,700 
1,920 
4,000 
2,560 
2,280 
4,760 
1,780 
2,260 


1,490 
1,080 
1,160 
1,280 
1,170 
1,330 
1,180 
1,000 


1,950 
1,520 
1,840 
1,740 
1,620 
1,750 
1,490 
1,590 


1,410,000 
1,100,000 
1,340,000 
1,260,000 
1,170,000 
1,270,000 
1,080,000 
1,160,000 


116 


1905-6 


90 


1900-7 


110 


1907-8 


103 


1908-9 


96 


1909-10 


104 


1910-11 


89 


1911-12 


95 






Mean 






1,690 


1,220,000 













a Mean for October-December, 1904, estimated 2,000 second-feet. 
Yearly discharge of Deschutes River at Moody, Oreg., 1897-1899, 1906-1912. 





Discharge in second-feet. 


Run-off. 


Year. 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


Acre-feet. 


Per cent 
of mean. 


1897-98 a. 


11,700 
16,000 
30,600 
22,200 
14,200 
26,900 
10,800 
17,900 


4,920 
4,100 
5,080 


6,720 

7,670 
7,870 
6,800 
6,450 
7,860 
6,110 
7,080 


4,870,000 
5,560,000 
5,700,000 
4,940,000 
4,670,000 
5,6W.000 
4,420,01X1 
5,100,000 


95 


1898-99 


109 


1906-7 . 


111 


1907-8 


90 


1908-9 


5,080 


91 


1909-10 


111 


1910-11 


4,820 
4,080 


86 


191 1-12 


100 






Mean 






7,070 


5,120,000 




• 









a October, 1897, estimated 0,000 second-feet. 



62 



DESCHUTES EIVER^ OEEGOIT. 
Yearly discharge of Tumalo Creek near Laidlaw, Oreg., 1906-1912. 





Discharge in second-feet. 


Run-off. 


Year. 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


Acre-feet. 


Per cent 
of mean. 


1906-7 


820 
462 
440 


80 
62 
50 


180 
128 
111 
139 
109 
112 


130,000 
92,700 
80,000 

101,000 

78, 500 
81,000 


138 


1907-8 ... 


99 


1908-9 


85 


1909-10 


108 


1910-11 


396 

468 




84 


1911-12 


61 


86 






Mean 






130 


93,900 













Yearly discharge of Squaw Creek near Sisters, Greg., 1906-1912. 





Discharge in second-feet. 


Run-ofE. 


Year. 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


Acre-feet. 


Per cent 
of mean. 


1906-7,, . 


990 
335 
378 
1,960 
344 
395 


58 
59 


147 
108 
99.9 
135 
105 
104 


106,000 
78,000 
72,800 
97,800 
75,600 
75, 100 


126 


1907-8 


93 


1908-9 ... 


86 


1909-10 


54 
42 
32 


116 


1910-11.. . 


90 


1911-12 


89 












116 


84,300 














Yearly discharge of Crooked River near Prineville, Oreg., 1908-1912. 





Discharge in second-feet. 


Run-off. 


Year. 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


Acre-feet. 


Per cent 
of mean. 


1908-9 a 


2,350 
9,080 
2,980 
3,000 


20 
5.0 
4.0 

11 


261 
519 

282 
424 


189,000 
375,000 
204,000 
308, 000 


70 


1909-10 


139 


1910-11 


76 


1911-12 


iia 






Mean 






372 


269,000 













o October, 1908, estimated 40 second-feet. 
Yearly discharge of Metolius River near Sisters, Oreg., 1908-1912. 





Discharge in second-feet. 


Run-off. 


Year. 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


Acre-feet. 


Per cent 
of mean. 


1908-9 a 


2,320 
3, 890 
1,920 
2,430 


1,410 
1,410 
1,410 
1,330 


1,580 
1,670 
1,550 
1,G40 


1,140,000 
1,210,000 
1,120,000 
1,190,000 


98 


1909-10 


104 


1910-11 


97 


1911-12 


103 






Mean 






1,610 


1,160,000 













o October, 1908, estimated 1,500 second-feet. 

The following tables show the minimum flow, with dates, at sta- 
tions on Deschutes River and its principal western tributaries, but 
the period selected for study of minimum flow, or duration of low 



STREAM FLOW. 



63 



water, is that between successive annual spring floods. The roinima 
for two successive calendar years may occur in the same low water 
period, only a few days or weeks apart, and this is even more hkely 
to occur where a cUmatologic year is used extending from low water 
to low water. On the upper part of Deschutes River, the month of 
greatest flow, taking the mean of the 8 years, is May, with June a 
close second. The division of the year for the computation of the 
minimum has accordingly been made between May 31 and June 1. 



Minimum discharge of Deschutes River at Allen's ranch, near Lava, Oreg., 1905-1912. 




Minimum for one day. 


Lowest week. 


Ratio of 
mean for 


June-May. 


Date. 


Dis- 
charge. 


Date. 


Mean 
daily dis- 
charge. 


week to 
mean for 
periods. 


1905-6 


Nov. 15 


Sec.-ft. 
79 
89 
141 
115 
115 
115 
97 

107 


Nov. 10-16 


Sec.-ft. 
85.6 
97.0 

145 

118 

124 

115 

100 


0.76 


1906-7 


Nov. 13 


Oct.26-Nov. 1 


.87 


1907 8 


Nov. 18-19 


Nov.13-19 


1.30 


1908-9 


Oct 8-10 


Oct. 6-12 


1.05 


1909-10 


Nov. 14 


Oct. 4-20 


1.11 


1910-11 


Oct. 28-Nov. 6 


Oct.31-Nov. 6 


1.03 


1911 12 


Nov. 1-4, Dec. 21 


Nov.l-7ffl 


.89 










Mean 


112 













a May have been lower during period of ice. 
Minimum discharge of Deschutes River at Benham Falls, Oreg., 1905-1912. 





Minimum for one day. 


Lowest week. 


Ratio of 
mean for 


Year. 


Date. 


Dis- 
charge. 


Date. 


Mean 
daily dis- 
charge. 


week to 
mean for 
periods. 


1905-6 


Dec. 23 . 


Sec.-ft. 
1,080 
1,160 
1,280 
1,170 
1,330 
1,180 
1,000 


Dec. 19-25 . 


Sec.-ft. 
1,240 
1,290 
1,380 
1,330 
1,420 
1,280 
1,180 


0.95 


1906-7 


Jan. 15 


Oct. 29-Nov. 4 


.99 


1907-8 


Feb. 1 


Mar. 4-10 


1.06 


1908-9 


Dec. 18 


Dec. 14-20 


1.02 


1909-10 


Jan. 4-5 


Jan. 2-8 


1.09 


1910-11 


Jan. 23 


Feb. 27-Mar. 5 


.98 


1911-12 


Jan. 4 


Dec. 30- Jan. 4 


.91 










Mean 


1,170 


1,300 













Minimum discharge of Deschutes River at Mora and Moody, Oreg., 1897-1899, 1906-1912. 





Minimum for one day. 


Lowest week. 


Ratio of 
mean for 


Year. 


Date. 


Dis- 
charge. 


Date. 


Mean 
daily dis- 
charge. 


week to 
mean for 
1906-1911. 


1897-8 


October, November, March, 

April. 
Dec. 16-18.. . 


Sec.-ft. 
6,030 

4, 100 
5, OSO 

5, (m;o 

a 5, 2S0 
5, OSO 

o5,170 
4, OSO 


Oct. 24-30. . 


Sec.-ft. 
6, 030 

4,240 
5,080 
5, 660 
5,300 
5,080 
5,180 
4,470 


1.18 


1898-9 


Dec. 13-19 . 


.S3 


1906-7 


September, October 


Sept. 1-Oct. 16 


99 


1907-8 


July 27-Aiig. 23, etc 


1. 10 


190»-9 


Sept. 30 


Soi)toniber October 


1.03 


1909-10 


Aug. 24-31 


Aug. 24-30 


. 99 


1910-11 


July 27 


August b 


1.01 


1911-12 


Jan. 5-7 


Jan. 2-8 


.87 










Mean 


5,060 


5,130 













o Readings fragiuoutary. 



b Estimated. 



64 DESCHUTES EIVER, OREGON. 

Minimum discharge of Metolius River at Riggs ranch, near Sisters, Oreg., 1908-1912. 



• 


Minimum for one day. 


Lowest week. 


Ratio of 
mean for 
week to 
mean for 
periods. 


Year. 


Date. 


Dis- 
charge. 


Date. 


Mean 
daily dis- 
charge 


190&-9 ... 


Dec. 12-20, Jan. 11-15 

September-November 

Feb. 28-Mar. 10 


Sec.-ft. 
1,410 
1,410 
1,410 
1,330 


Dec. 14-20 


Sec. ft. 
1,410 
1,420 
1,410 
1,330 


1.01 


1909-10 


Oct. 24-30 


1.02 


1910-11... 


Feb. 28-Mar. 10 


1.01 


1911-12 


Jan. 2-8 


Jan. 2-8 


.96 










Mean 




1,390 















An examination of the yearly means and minima and their relation 
to the mean for the period shows in a striking manner the remarkable 
constancy of flow of the Deschutes, particularly in the upper section, 
compared with most streams. Thus at Benham Falls the highest 
year is only 15 per cent above and the lowest 11 per cent below the 
8-year mean. At Moody, the variation is about the same, +11 and 
— 14. Deschutes (Little) Eiver at Allen's ranch, which receives 
relatively less of its water from springs, shows maximum variations 
of +40 and -19; Tumalo Creek, +38 and -15; Squaw Creek, +26 
and —14; and Crooked River, +26 and —23. 

None of the records on tributaries cover 1904, which was in general 
the year of greatest flow in the last 10 in central Oregon, or 1905, 
which was in many localities the lowest. Thus it can not be safely 
assumed that either extreme of run-off has yet been reached or even 
closely approached. It will be noted that the highest year at Benham 
Falls was 1904-5, which in many localities was one of extreme drought, 
whereas 1912, elsewhere generally high, was here below the mean. 
This was caused by and aptly illustrates the long-delayed effect of 
rainfall on run-off in the Deschutes River basin. The extremely high 
snowfall and rainfall of 1904 filled up the deep springs which con- 
tinued to discharge large volumes of water well into 1905. The 
longest period of deficient run-off began in the early summer of 1910 
and culminated in January, 1912. The snow melted and ran off 
early in 1910, the summer of that year was very dry, the following 
winter was one of very deficient snowfall; there were few rains in the 
fall of 1911, and the snows of 1911-12 came rather later than usual. 
The springs seemed to run steadily lower and then the flow suddenly 
decreased during the extreme cold snap in the first week in January, 
1912, when nearly all records of low water were broken. Then came 
a thaw which caused the rapid melting of snow, apparently affecting 
all streams except Squaw Creek. That stream reached its minimum 
in March, after all the others had shown a considerable recovery from 
these extreme low points. 



STBEAM FLOW. 66 

For about 8 miles below Black Butte a large amount of water 
enters Metolius River from springs in the side of the stream. They 
are very noticeable, but only one is so situated that its discharge can 
be measured. This spring, known *as the Heisings, enters Jacks 
Creek, a second tributary on the west. A number Oi tributary 
streams enter the Metolius — Lake, Jacks, Canyon, Cabot, Jefferson, 
and Whitewater — all from the west side and from the east slope of 
the Cascades. 

The following table, showing the minimum flow of Metolius River 
in different sections, is based on records of the gaging stations that 
have been maintained below Lake Creek and at two points below 
Whitewater Creek, and miscellaneous measurements of all the tribu- 
taries and of the river below Canyon Creek. 

Low-water discharge in second-feet of Metolius River and tributaries. 

Metolius River above Lake Creek 100 

Metolius River at AUingham ranger station 325 

Jacks Creek, including Heising's spring 175 

Canyon Creek 70 

Springs between AUingham and Allen's ranch 290 

Metolius River at Allen's ranch, sec. 11, T. 12 S., R. 9 E 860 

Cabot Creek 70 

Jefferson Creek 70 

Whitewater 40 

Springs, Allen's ranch to Hubbard's ranch 130 

Metolius River at Hubbard's ranch 1, 170 

Metolius River at Riggs and mouth 1, 330 

DURATION OF LOW-WATER PERIOD. 

The water-power value of any stream or power site and the size 
of feasible development depend fully as much on the length of the 
low-water period as on its maximum intensity. The length of the 
period in each year for which the discharge is less than any given 
quantity is shown for Deschutes River at Allen's ranch, Benham 
Falls, Moody, and Moro, East Fork near Crescent and Metolius 
River near Sisters, by tables which were prepared by counting the 
number of discharges in the year that fall below a given discharge, 
usually that for the lowest even tenth of gage height, and then for 
increasing discharges until the average period of deficiency is equal 
to about half the year, sometimes a little greater on a stream as steady 
as the Deschutes. 

For Benham Falls and Moro the year has been studied in two 
periods — the irrigating season. May to September, and the nonirri- 
gating season, October to April. These two periods have then boon 
combined to a climatologic year May to April, because May usually 
falls in a period of high water and the year thus contains only one 
48348°— wsp 344—14 6 



66 



DESCHUTES KIVER, OREGON. 



2.400 



2,300 



2,200 



2,100 



2,000 



'1,900 



z 
o 
o 

UJ 

w 1,700 



1,800 



1,600 



X 

^ 1 ,400 



1,300 
1,200 



1,100 Jf 

































J 




JH 
































/ 


f 




l\ 
































/ 






1 / 


i 




























/ 


i 




J 


A 




























,/ 


/ 




y 


Y 


j^ 


























/ 


/^ 




/ 


^ 




j 






















^^ 








/ 


A 


^ 






















if^ 


^ 


y^ 


jUf 






r:^ 


f 


y 




, 


-X 












^ 


rV 


A9 


2S:a- 


k 




^ 


v^-— 




^ 














^ 


";:- 


^J90 


)-10^ 






1 


-jT" 


2- 




r'^ 


/ 














v 


, 


_J9AC 


lU— ■ 


zriTi? 


^ 




_J9VJ 


^A2^ 




















0- 


^-•? — 


=^ 


SSS^ 
























































































































1 

























100 



200 
DAYS OF DEFICIENCY 



300 



Figure 1.— Diagram showing number of days deficient discharge on Deschutes River at Benham Falls, 

May 1 to April 30. 













































9 000- 




























/ 


Vf— ^ 


, 


r<; 


/, 


^P^ 


^ i 




























^ 


0-^ 




'^ 


^ 




.9>^ 


^ 


uJ 8,000 

UJ 


















X 


^^ 


^ 


a/ 


/ 




/" 


^ 




/ 
















/ 


^ 




A 


p> 


^^'' 


yf 


^ 


^ 






y 


/ 


o 

z 
87,000 

UJ 
iSi 








^^\ 


p^ 


^^ 


^ 


X 




y 


y 


^ 


P^ 


-^ 


'^ 


A9A 


0:21. 




^x 








^ 


y^ 


/ 


/ 




— ^ 


k 


:^ 


^ 


^4^ 


/f. 


/ \ 


-^ 












z 

UJ 6,000 


Mf^ 


'^89 


1:2— 


'y 


/- 


i^itf^ 


^ 


^ 


__,> — 


^ 




r 


















/5 


07-8 






0;^!^ 


^ 




^^ 


.^ 


r> 


r 




















X 




^ 




= 




"^ 


-^ 
























o 

y>5,ooo 

Q 










P 


^ 




































4,000 




^*^ 



















































































50 



150 



200 



100 
DAYS OF DEFICIENCY 

Figure 2.— Diagram showing number of days deficient discharge on Deschutes River at Moro and Moody, 
in the nonirrigating season, October to April. 



STREAM FLOW. 



67 



9,000 


























^;s 


s^s^ 


:5^ 


^ 


/ 


hS.OOO 

lU 
Ul 

u. 
























^ 


^ 


^.^ 


r/ 


)■ 


/ 
















x-- 








/ 


/ 


/ 


/ 


/ 


^ 






07,000 

UJ 
</5 










;s^ 


50^ 








/ 


y 


A 


^ 


^ 


6^ 












^ 


^ 








-— n^ 


^ 




:^ 




/ 












z 

1^6,000 


,/ 


/ 






X 




Z' 




^ 


/> 


y^ 














f 


19C 


7-8 _ 


^ 




^ 


Z^ 

^ 


J90» 


^ 


5/^ 


















< 






ao_^ 









fc 


gg 

—)!*-' 


g 


!^ 


)Ci=^ 
























IN^f" 


5?" 


































< 
4,006 

( 






































































) 








u 











2 


DO 








300 







DAYS OF DEFICIENCY 

Figure 3.— Diagram showing number of days deficient discharge on Deschutes River at Moro and Moody 

May 1 to April 30. 



2.500 



o 
z 
o 
o 

UJ 

^ 2,000 

Z 

LU 

a 

DC 

< 
I 

o 

«n 1,700 
o 



1,600 
1,500 



1 ,400; 





































































































































































































/ 








































\\ 








































11 






































vi 


V 




































^^ 


1 




^ 
































^ 


f^ 


^ 


y 



























**= 


=== 


^^^ 






l^ 


r* 








^ 


^ 




T5^ 


S 


^ 






1911 


■ 


■*- 


' ' 



























































































20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 300 

DAYS OF DEFICIENCY 

Figure 4.— Diagram showing number of days deficient discharge on Metolius River near Sisters, for 

calendar year. 



68 DESCHUTES KIVER^ OREGON. 

season of low discharge, instead of parts of two as would be the case 
if the calendar year were used or a period beginning October 1 to 
November 1. 

The calendar year is the period used for Little River at Allen's 
ranch, East Fork and the Metolius, largely as a matter of conven- 
ience. Metolius River is so steady that it is almost immaterial what 
period is selected. 

The tables have been reduced to graphic form by plotting the dis- 
charges and days of deficiency for each year as coordinates and draw- 
ing the curves through the points (figs. 1-4). These curves represent 
approximately those that would be obtained if the daily discharges 
for the year were plotted in order of magnitude. They show at a 
glance the relative characteiistics of flow of the several years, but 
they fail in one important particular, in that they do not show whether 
the low-water period is continuous or broken by a rise of more or less 
duration. This information can be derived only from a study of the 
daily discharges. 

One notable feature of nearly all the curves is that they tend to 
dip down on the left, showing a decreased discharge for a relatively 
short period. This seems to be the result of special conditions not 
fully understood which retard the flow for a short period. 

COMPARISONS OF DISCHARGES AT ADJACENT STATIONS. 
PURPOSE OF COMPARISON. 

Comparisons of recorded discharges at different stations on the 
same stream may serve three purposes — the detection of errors, the 
determination of inflow or losses in the stream, and the determination 
of a basis for extending a short record from a longer one. 

BENHAM FALLS AND BEND. 

Within a stretch of 36 miles, from Benham Falls to Cline Falls, 
four gaging stations have been maintained on Deschutes River, with 
intermediate stations at Bend and Laidlaw, and records of the only 
important diversions — the Central Oregon and Pilot Butte canals. 
The sum of discharges at Bend and of the two canals should be 
directly comparable with the discharge at Benham Falls. That it is 
comparable is indicated by the fact that the yearly means do not 
differ more than 3 per cent. The discharge at Benham Falls in 1910 
was 3 per cent less than the total, most of the difference coming in 
January to April. There was probably some actual inflow into the 
river during these months, as the snowfall of the winter was heavy, 
extending down into the lower levels, and it ran off quickly without 
sinking into the ground as much as usual, especially in March, which 
shows the greatest gain in discharge, 12 per cent. The comparisons 
appear to indicate that all the records are fairly reliable. 



STREAM FLOW. 



69 



Comparison of discharges, in second-feet, of Deschutes River and canals near Bend, Oreg.j 
with Deschutes River at Benham Falls, 1909-1912. 



Month. 



1909. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year ! 

1910. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year 

1911. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

Miay 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year 

1912. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year 



Des- 


Pilot 


Central 




Des- 
chutes at 
Benham 

Falls. 


Differ- 


chutes at 


Butte 


Oregon 


Total. 


ence per 


Bend. 


canal. 


oanal. 




cent. 


1,560 


1.4 


9.7 


1,570 


1,650 


+ 5 


1,550 


22.0 


39.1 


1,610 


1,620 





1,440 


52.7 


72.6 


1,570 


1,570 





1,510 


93.4 


128 


1,730 


1,720 





1,450 


150 


194 


1,790 


1,790 





1,420 


176 


191 


1,790 


1,790 





1,340 


128 


144 


1,610 


1,600 





1,090 


182 


224 


1,500 


1,530 


+ 2 


1,180 


131 


172 


1,480 


1,520 


+ 3 


1,240 


91.4 


122 


1,450 


1,480 


+ 2 


2,070 


15.2 


21.7 


2,110 


2,040 


- 3 


2,030 


1.7 


9.1 


2,040 


1,930 


- 5 


1,490 


87.3 


111 


1,700 


1,690 


- 1 


1,640 


4.0 


17.2 


1,660 


1,530 


- 8 


1,590 


11.0 


25.3 


1,630 


1,590 


- 2 


2,290 


29.6 


46.4 


2,370 


2,090 


-12 


1,890 


91.8 


124 


2,100 


1,950 


- 7 


1,720 


121 


160 


2,000 


1,980 


- 1 


1,360 


185 


208 


1,750 


1,750 





1,130 


197 


258 


1,580 


1,610 


+ 2 


1,210 


189 


132 


1,530 


1,540 





1,160 


145 


192 


1,500 


1,500 





1,200 


118 


170 


1,490 


1,470 


- 1 


- 1,420 


34.9 


47.8 


1,500 


1,490 





1, 470 


24.0 


69.7 


1,560 


1,560 





1,510 


96.2 


121 


1,730 


1,670 


- 3 


1,330 


11.5 


27.1 


1,370 


1,420 


+ 4 


1,330 


3.4 


25.0 


1,360 


1,360 





1,340 


18.1 


43.3 


1,400 


1,410 


+ 1 


1,350 


80.7 


130 


1,560 


1,570 


+ 1 


1,310 


143 


195 


1,650 


1,670 


+ 1 


1,270 


175 


226 


1,670 


1,710 


+ 2 


1,050 


196 


250 


1,500 


1,500 





918 


182 


250 


1,350 


1,380 


+ 2 


1,050 


138 


184 


1,370 


1,390 


+ 1 


1,130 


105 


133 


1,370 


1,360 


- 1 


1,310 


56.0 


41.4 


1,410 


1,380 


- 2 


1,260 


9.2 


19.0 


1,290 


1,280 


- 1 


1,220 


93.6 


128 


1,440 


1,450 


+ 1 


1,380 


10.3 


15.3 


1,410 


1,380 


- 2 


1,510 


12.0 


23.6 


1,550 


1,560 


+ 1 


1,360 


23.3 


42.1 


1,430 


1,430 





1,430 


43.8 


60.2 


1,530 


1,590 


+ 4 


1,580 


134 


172 


1,890 


1,890 





1,690 


185 


248 


2,120 


2,150 


+ 1 


1,310 


212 


239 


1,760 


1,800 


+ 2 


1,210 


214 


241 


1,660 


1,690 


+ 2 


1,400 


146 


180 


1,730 


1,670 


+ 4 


1,390 


117 


174 


1,680 


1,590 


- 5 


1,490 


75.4 


132 


1,700 


1,620 


- 5 


1,570 


9.6 


22.9 


1,600 


1,500 


- 6 


1,440 


98.9 


129 


1,670 


1,660 


- 1 



Note.— Percentages based on Bend plus canals. 
BEND, LAIDLAW, AND CLINE FALLS. 

Between Bend and Cline Falls there is no appreciable surface inflow 
except Tumalo Creek, the discharge of which has been included in 
making the comparisons. The records at the three points appar- 
ently show a gain between Bend and Laidlaw and a loss between 



70 



DESCHUTES RIVEE, OREGON. 



Laidlaw and Cline Falls. The mean gain is within the probable 
error of the record at either station, especially Laidlaw, whicli may 
be somewhat too high on account of the indifferent conditions for 
measurements. The loss might be accounted for by the fact that 
the ground water in the porous lava rock over which the river flows 
is far below the river level; the current is swift, and the water, mostly 
from large springs, carries little sediment, so that there is little ten- 
dency for the cracks or crevices to silt up, even in long periods. 
It is, however, entirely possible that the loss is more apparent than 
real. Possible loss or gain below Cline Falls is immaterial, as it is 
very unlikely that there will be any permanent flow below Cline 
Falls after the river is fully utilized for irrigation. 

Comparison of discharge, in second-feet, of Deschutes River at Bend, Laidlaw, and Cline 

Falls, Oreg., 1910-1912. 





Discharge. 


Increase or decrease. 


Month. 


Bend 

plus 
Tumalo 
Creek at 
mouth. 


Laidlaw.a 


Cline 
Falls. 


Bend to 
Laidlaw. 


Laidlaw 

to Cline 

Falls. 


Bend to 
Cline 
Falls. 


1910. 
March 


2,440 
2,050 
1,810 
1,390 
1,130 
1,210 
1,170 
1,280 
1,510 
1,580 

1,410 
1,420 
1,400 
1,400 
1,340 
1,410 
1,070 
924 
1,050 
1,140 
1,370 
1,330 

1,450 
1,600 
1,430 
1,450 
1,660 
1,860 
1,350 
1,230 
1,430 
1,430 
1,560 
1,660 




2,100 
1,740 
1, /lO 
1,310 
1,090 
1,110 
1,050 
1,070 
1,350 
1,380 

1,250 
1,220 






—340 


April 








—310 


May 








—100 










— 80 


July 








— 40 




1,260 
1,240 
1,290 
1,550 
1,630 

1,500 
1,470 
1,490 
1,470 
1,420 
1,480 
1,140 
949 
1,080 
1,180 
1,360 
1,390 

1,500 
1,620 
1,470 
1,520 
1,690 
1,870 
1,410 
1,230 
1,360 


+50 
+70 
+10 
+40 
+50 

+90 
+50 
+90 
+70 
+80 
+70 
+70 
+25 
+30 
+40 
+ 10 
+ 60 

+50 
+20 
+40 
+70 
+30 
+ 10 
+60 


-150 
-190 
-220 
-200 
-250 

-250 
-250 


—100 


September 


—120 


October 


—210 


November . . 


—160 




—200 


1911. 
January 


—160 




—200 


March 




April 








May 
















Julj- 
























October 








November 








December 








1912. 








February 








March 


1,200 
1,270 
1,430 
1,670 
1,220 
1,090 
1,200 
1,190 
1,330 
1,430 


-270 
-250 
-260 
-200 
-190 
-140 
-160 


—230 


April 


—180 


M^y 


-230 


June 


—190 


July 


-130 


August 


—140 




-70 


—230 


October 


-240 










-230 


December. 








-230 












Mean 








+43 


-213 


6-184 













a Diversions in two small canals not included. See p. 29. 

b Later measurements indicate the probability of no loss between Bend and Cline Falls. 

The results of the comparison are also indicated in the diagram 
forming Plate II. 




July August September October 

HYDROGRAPH COMPARING FLOW AT STATIONS ON DESCHUTES RIVER. 



STKEAM FLOW. 



71 



MECCA AND MOODY. 

The inflow between Mecca and Moody comes from Warm Springs 
and White rivers from the west, Trout Creek from the east, and a 
number of small streams from both sides. 

Trout Creek and the small creeks are probably intermittent. 
Warm Springs and White rivers have a large perennial flow. Rec- 
ords of discharge are available on Warm Springs River below all 
tributaries and on White River and Tygh Creek just above their 
junction, thus accounting for practically all the inflow from tribu- 
taries except during the winter and spring, when there is run-off 
from rains and melting snow. 

There remains an inflow of more than 400 second-feet at low water, 
which must enter from springs at various points, and of 1,000 to 
3,000 second-feet during the winter. There are springs at a number 
of points in this stretch of river and numerous tributaries, but as 
their contributions have never been measured or estimated, the dis- 
tribution of the inflow can be made only approximately. (See 
p. 116.) As the total inflow at low water amounts to only about 10 
per cent of the flow at Mecca, no material error is introduced if it 
is assumed that the unmeasured inflow is equally distributed between 
the mouth of Warm Springs and White rivers. 

Comparison of discharge, in second-feet, of Deschutes River at Mecca and Moody, and 

inflow, 1911-1912. 



Month. 















Differ- 














ence 


Des- 
chutes 
River 
at Mecca. 


Warm 
Springs 
River. 


White 
River. 


Tygh 
Creek. 


Total 
dis- 
charge. 


Des- 
chutes 
at Moody. 


between 
total dis- 
charge 
and dis- 
charge 
at Moody. 


4,890 


o656 


302 


92 


5,930 


6,340 


410 


4,360 


a 406 


179 


30 


4,975 


5,260 


285 


4,050 


268 


112 


15 


4,445 


4,850 


405 


4,150 


266 


143 


31 


4,590 


4,930 


340 


4,090 


266 


139 


26 


4,521 


4,990 


469 


4,210 


292 


245 


90 


4,831 


5,440 


603 


4,300 


390 


192 




4,882 

6,486 
8,005 


5,340 

7,940 
9,720 


458 


5,050 


a 748 


688 




1,454 
1,715 


5,940 


o847 


918 


300 


5, 200 


922 


361 


121 


6,604 


6,920 


316 


c, Am 


a 587 


562 


179 


7, 788 


9,550 


1,762 


7,100 


804 


768 


216 


8,888 


9,770 


882 


6,020 


a 870 


491 


155 


7,536 


7,980 


444 


4,850 


345 


233 


48 


5, 476 


5,910 


434 


4,550 


280 


167 


28 


5,034 


5,390 


356 


4,520 


302 


170 


29 


5,021 


5,520 


499 


4,390 


295 


175 


30 


4,890 


5,480 


590 


4,770 


342 


236 


6 70 


5,418 


6,030 


612 


4,670 


323 


201 


6 60 


5, 254 


6,000 


746 



Differ- 
ence 
between 

dis- 
charge at 
Mecca 
and 
Moody. 



1911 
June 7-30... 

July 

August 

September.. 

October 

November.. 
December... 

1912 

January 

February . . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September.. 

October 

November.. 
December. . . 



o Estimated from comparisons with Shitike Creek. 



6 Estimated. 



1,460 
900 
800 
780 
900 
1,230 
1,040 



2,890 
3,780 
1,720 
3,090 
2,670 
1,960 
1,060 
840 
1,000 
1.090 
1.260 
1,330 



Note.— Mean difference between total discJiargo and discharge at Moody for low-wnlor months August 
to October, 1911, and March, 1912, and June-October, 1912, 428 second-foot. 



72 DESCHUTES EIVEE, OREGON. 

ECONOMIC DISTRIBUTION OF WATER OF DESCHUTES 

RIVER. 

By John H. Lewis, State engineer of Oregon. 
PRESENT AND PROSPECTIVE USE. 

The waters of Deschutes River and its tributaries have three 
principal fields of utility — for domestic supply, for irrigation, and for 
power development. It is important to the future prosperity of the 
State that these waters be put to the highest use. To accomplish 
this, and in order that the greatest good may come to the greatest 
number, it appears advisable that a comprehensive plan of develop- 
ment be presented and discussed. 

Domestic use is the highest use to which water can be put, as water 
is absolutely necessary for the maintenance of life. Irrigation comes 
next, as in the arid region the meager rainfall must be supplemented 
by water diverted from streams to produce ordinary agricultural 
crops. Under such conditions irrigation therefore affects the pro- 
duction of food supplies. The use of water for power development 
is less important than either of the other uses, as power can be 
obtained from many other sources than from falling water. 

Development in the arid States depends largely on the diversion 
and use of water. To facilitate diversion many States have declared 
the beneficial use of water to be a public use and necessity, in order 
that the power of eminent domain may be extended to make easy the 
acquirement of necessary rights of way. Certain of these beneficial 
or public uses are of a higher order than others, and these States have 
later, by statutes, fixed the order of preference, so that water which 
has been applied to a lower use may be taken by process of law 
upon due compensation and may be applied to the higher use. 
Public necessity through increased population makes such transfers 
necessary. 

As early as 1893 (session laws, p. 150) the State of Oregon provided 
that ''When the waters of any natural stream are not sufficient for 
the service of all those desiring the use of the same, those using the 
water for domestic purposes shall, subject to such limitations as may 
be prescribed by law, have the preference over those claiming such 
water for any other piu-pose, and those using the water for agricul- 
tural purposes shall have the preference over those using the same 
for manufacturing purposes." Though this section has not yet been 
passed upon by the courts, it is believed that it authorizes the con- 
demnation of the lower use only, in favor of application to a higher 
use. 

It is believed to be poor public policy for a State to permit the con- 
struction of water-power plants on that portion of a stream where 
it is apparent that in a few years the water should and probably will 



ECONOMIC DISTRIBUTION OF WATER. 73 

be diverted for irrigation. It is likewise poor policy to permit the 
diversion of water from one drainage basin where it can be used for 
both power and irrigation to another basin where it can be used for 
power only and where irrigation is not absolutely necessary. Espe- 
cially is this true when it is known that on other streams in the 
vicinity of such proposed power projects there is far more undevel- 
oped power than can be put to use in many years and where the 
cost of development will be little, if any, greater. 

It is not deemed necessary, under present conditions, to enter into 
any great degree of refinement in justifying a State policy of with- 
holding water from one use for application to another. It is esti- 
mated by the Oregon Conservation Commission that there is in 
Oregon more than 3,300,000 undeveloped horsepower which is run- 
ning to waste. Not one-tenth of this amount is developed at the 
present time. The same authority, in its report for 1912, states 
that the mean yearly run-off from 36 streams, which have been 
measured for a number of years by the United States Geological 
Survey in cooperation with the State, amounts to 39,996,000 acre- 
feet, only one-fourth of which is capable of ever being utilized for 
irrigation.* 

It can be stated on fairly good authority that there are in Oregon at least 2,000,000 
acres which can be irrigated at a cost which is fully warranted under present-day 
conditions, say from $30 to $60 per acre. This land, now largely in private ownership, 
is worth perhaps $5 to $30 per acre; it supports at most one family for each 320 acres. 
Irrigated and improved the same lands would be worth from $100 to $200 per acre and 
would support six to ten times the present population. ^ 

With almost unlimited water-power resources and with limited 
possibilities for irrigation development, it appears to be a wise public 
policy to prevent water-right complications by restricting power 
development along streams where storage or diversion of water for 
irrigation is possible. Furthermore, with irrigation on the upper 
portion of a stream, the water powers on the lower portion may be 
improved rather than injured, as a result of uniformity of flow from 
return seepage. 

If Deschutes River were an isolated stream (see comparative pro- 
files, ^g. 5, p. 74) with a prospective demand for full development of its 
possibilities for water power and irrigation, it would be necessary to 
balance the necessities and values of one use against those of the 
other, but electric power can now be transmitted from 200 to 300 
miles, if necessary, to replace any power destroyed by irrigation. 

By thus analyzing present and prospective uses and following a 
preconceived plan for the highest development of the watei-s of each 
stream basin, the State can avoid future complications, encourage 
irrigation development, and prevent the destruction of property 

> Oregon Conservation Commission Rept. 1912, p. 36. « Idem, p. 45. 



74 



DESCHUTES RIVER, OREGON 



necessary in applying water to one use in order to put the water to a 
higher use, a needless waste which is often found essential under the 
old method of proceeding without- a comprehensive plan. 

Owing to the peculiarities of climate, soil, topography, and geology, 
which prevail in different parts of the Deschutes basin, there can be 
but little difference in opinion as to what the ultimate distribution 
of the available water supply should be. 

The draiaage basui is 170 miles long and 125 miles wide at its 
widest point (see PL I, p. 20), and varies in elevation from about 130 
feet at the mouth of the river to over 11,000 feet above sea level at 



4,200 



4,000 



3,000 



2,000 



1,000 




760 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 
MILES FROM MOUTH OF COLUMBIA RIVER 



100 50 



Figure 5. — Profiles of Deschutes, Metolius, and Crooked rivers compared with profiles of Columbia and 

other rivers. 

the summit of Mount Hood. It is comparatively undeveloped but 
is rich in agricultural, timber, mineral, and water resources. Des- 
chutes Kiver flows northward through the center of this area, approxi- 
mately parallel to and 90 miles east of Willamette Eiver, which also 
flows northward and through one of the largest, most fertile, and 
prosperous valleys in the State. About 62 per cent of the total 
population of the State is located in the Willamette Valley. Both 
valleys are supplied with competing transcontinental railway liaes, 
and the navigable Columbia Kiver lies on the north. The high 
Cascade Range, averaging from 5,000 to 7,000 feet in elevation, 
broken by 10 towering snow-clad peaks, separates these two valleys. 



ECONOMIC DISTRIBUTION OF WATER. 75 

This range is covered with a dense forest growth and serves to cool 
to the precipitation point the moisture-laden winds that blow in 
from the Pacific. The combination of heavy precipitation with the 
rapid descent of the mountains to sea level gives to Oregon her 
enormous water-power resources. The surface formation of pumi- 
ceous sand underlain with lava, and the numerous lakes in the upper 
part of the Deschutes basin serve to equalize the flow throughout the 
year, thus producing one of the most remarkable power streams in 
the world. 

This power is within easy transmission distance from tidewater, is 
adjacent to the most populous district in the State, is surrounded 
by innumerable raw resources, and needs only the magic touch of 
capital intelligently applied to produce enormous wealth for shipment 
over existing rail and water lines to the markets of the world. 

The distribution of water in the Deschutes basin can best be dis- 
cussed under three heads — power, irrigation, and storage. 

Power development should be restricted to the lower Deschutes, 
irrigation to the central stretch between the towns of Bend, Prine- 
ville, Madras, and Sisters, and storage to that part of the basin to the 
south, east, and west of the irrigation district. 

POWER. 

Power should be developed only on lower Deschutes and MetoUus 
rivers or on those tributaries of the Deschutes on which the water can 
be used for power above the points of possible diversion for irrigation, 
such as Tumalo Creek. 

Though it is impossible to predict with certainty the time or 
amount of return seepage from an extensive irrigation project such 
as is possible in the central part of the Deschutes basin, it is believed 
that the fullest use of the upper Deschutes River for irrigation will 
not seriously impair possibilities for power development on the lower 
river, and in fact may even be a benefit, as a part of the return water 
will doubtless reach the river during the winter months, which 
usually constitute the low-water season. 

Practically all seepage water will probably return above the mouth 
of Metolius River, which is 111 miles from and 1,400 feet above the 
mouth of the Deschutes. Though the average fall m this lower sec- 
tion of Deschutes River is only about 13 feet to the mile (see PL III, at 
end of volume) , good dam sites are numerous and ahnost every foot of 
available fall can be utilized, as shown elsewhere in this report. 
With 50,000 acre-feet of storage on the headwaters of Crooked River 
to supplement the low-water flow for power development, 4,500 cubic 
feet a second can probably be depended on for power at the mouth of 
the Deschutes, with all waters of Deschutes River at Bend, of Tumalo 
and Squaw creeks, and 150,000 acro-feet of the How of Crooked 



76 DESCHUTES RIVEB, OREGON. 

River fully utilized for irrigation. At the 14 dam sites selected over 
504,000 brake horsepower can be developed. 

Metolius River has an average fall of 39.5 feet to the mile in the 48 
miles from Blue Lake to its mouth (PJ. IV, at end of volume) . Within a 
few miles from its source this stream is augmented by short creeks 
that carry large quantities of water from the high snow-clad mountains 
to the west, so that in volume the lower half of Metolius River com- 
pares favorably with Deschutes River at Bend. At the four power 
sites selected on this stream approximately 100,000 brake horse- 
power can be developed, as shown elsewhere. 

Crooked River from about 7 miles below Prineville to its mouth, 
a distance of about 30 miles, has a fall approximating that of lower 
Metolius River but only a small water supply. During the irrigation 
season no water passes Prineville, and only a small amount of seepage 
water enters the canyon below. About 7 miles above its mouth this 
flow is materially increased by the flow of Opal Springs, in sec. 33, 
T. 12 S., R. 12 E. Much of the fall in lower Crooked River will, how- 
ever, be destroyed by the suggested dam in the Deschutes just below 
the junction of the two streams. From Prineville to Paulina, a dis- 
tance of 78 miles measm-ed along the stream. Crooked River has an 
average fall of approximately 10.5 feet to the mile. 

From Cline Falls (PI. V, A) to Columbia River, a distance of 144 
miles, Deschutes River flows through a deep rock- walled canyon 
(PI. V, ^), which has been gradually cut by the action of water 
through layer after layer of basaltic rock to a depth of 500 to 2,000 
feet or more. This canyon winds through a broad, rolHng plateau 
covered with a scattering growth of sagebrush and juniper which 
gradually changes to a straggly piue and later to a dense pine timber 
as the mountains are approached on either side. The soil is a fine 
volcanic ash, light in color when dry and rich brown when wet, and 
under irrigation would doubtless be found very fertile. The precipi- 
tation on this plateau in Sherman County and the north half of 
Wasco County ranges from 12 to 15 inches a year. This, with the 
favorable moisture-retaining character of the soil, makes an ideal dry- 
farm wheat-producing district. The Deschutes Canyon is not discerni- 
ble to one looking across this plateau when standing in these wheat 
fields a mile or so from its edge. 

A very small amount of water can be diverted on this plateau from 
the tributaries of the lower river, and the vaUeys along such streams 
as White, Warm Springs, and other rivers and creeks on the Warm 
Springs Indian reservation, and along Trout and Willow creeks on 
the opposite side of the Deschutes, are so small or the water supply 
is so meager as to make extensive irrigation impracticable. These 
creeks in general flow in canyons from 100 to 1,000 feet deep. The 
annual rainfall seems to diminish as one goes south, thus making dry 
farming more hazardous. 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 344 PLATE V 




A. CLINE FALLS, DESCHUTES RIVER. 




B. CANYON OF DESCHUTES RIVER IN SEC. 16, T. 5 S., R. 1 1 E. 



ECONOMIC DISTRIBUTION OF WATER. 77 

The east half of the Indian reservation is a gently rolling prairie 
about 300,000 acres in extent, averaging 2,600 feet in elevation, with 
a gradual slope east to the Deschutes Canyon. A layer of soil 6 
inches to 2 feet thick rests on lava rock, which in many places pro- 
trudes above the surface, and much of the apparently good soil is 
covered with lava bowlders, thus making the whole area appear very 
unattractive for agriculture. 

IRRIGATION. 

Across the river from the Indian reservation a plateau known as 
Agency Plain and the Haystack country extends from Crooked Kiver 
nearly to Trout Creek in a broad, rolling prairie about 150,000 acres 
in extent. This land is almost exclusively in private ownership, 
having been entered in 1903 and 1904, when it was discovered that 
grain crops could be grown with some success. The district is free 
from surface rock and is largely in cultivation. As in most of the 
plateau wheat districts of Oregon, domestic and stock water must be 
hauled many miles. This discourages intensive agriculture and 
favors the grpwth of large individual or company holdings. A pre- 
liminary examination of this tract indicates that about 100,000 acres 
may be irrigated from Deschutes Eiver. 

Metolius River breaks forth suddenly as a large spring at the base 
of Black Butte, an extinct volcano, which rises several thousand feet 
above the surrounding plateau. It flows northward to the Indian reser- 
vation, where it has cut a deep canyon through the narrow precipi- 
tous ridge which extends northward from the base of Black Butte. 
By constructing an expensive dam and a long canal leading from the 
big bend in this stream where it breaks through this ridge, it may be 
possible to divert water upon 30,000 to 50,000 acres of land lying east 
of the ridge and south of Metolius River. It is believed, however, 
that present conditions wiU not justify the cost of construction of such 
a gravity project. 

It is doubtful if water can be pumped to any great extent from 
Metolius River or if it can be carried through an inverted rock tunnel 
siphon for irrigation on the opposite side of Deschutes River. 

A good dam site apparently exists at the outlet of Suttle Lake. A 
dam at this point more than 18 feet high will back water up over Blue 
Lake, thus giving sufficient storage to control the drainage into both 
these lakes. This drainage may possibly be augmented by canals 
crossing through a saddle from the west side of the Cascade Range, 
thus collecting the drainage from both sides of Mount Washington 
and Three Fingered Jack, according to the topographic maps accom- 
panying Professional Paper 9 of the United States Geological Survey. 
It is believed that water stored in these lakes can at moderate expense 
be diverted around the south side of Black Butte for the irrigation 



78 DESCHUTES EIVEK, OREGON. 

of lands in the vicinity of the town of Sisters. Sufficient data as to 
water supply are not available to determine definitely what area can 
ultimately be irrigated from this source, but it will probably be in the 
neighborhood of 10,000 acres. The diversion of the summer flow and 
storage at the outlet of Suttle Lake for irrigation can not materially 
affect the flow of the Metolius available for power development. 

Squaw Creek is entirely diverted during the summer for the irriga- 
tion of 16,480 acres in the vicinity of Sisters. No satisfactory sites 
have been located on this stream for winter storage. 

Tumalo Creek has a fall of 1,500 feet in approximately 12 miles of 
its course above the intake of the proposed low-hne diversion canal 
leading to the Wimer reservoir site in sees. 29, 30, 31, and 32, T. 16 S., 
R. 11 E. Willamette meridian. This basin will have a capacity of 
36,000 acre-feet with water 73 feet deep at the proposed dam site. 
This capacity is sufficient to regulate the flow of Tumalo Creek and 
also of Crater Creek, which can be turned over the divide by the con- 
struction of a short diversion canal. The combined flow of these 
streams may be sufficient for the reclamation of 30,000 acres of irri- 
gable land if seepage losses are not excessive. Approximately 10,000 
horsepower can be developed in this stream without in any way con- 
fficting with irrigation, an amount which would be sufficient to supply 
commercial power for this district for many years to come. Ice may, 
however, prevent the development of power near the head of this 
stream during the winter months. 

An appropriation of $450,000 was made by the State legislature in 
February, 1913, for the completion of that part of this project which 
was originally segregated under the Carey Act and known as the 
Columbia Southern project. The promoters, under a defective con- 
tract, were permitted by the State to sell water rights to approxi- 
mately 18,000 acres of land where the regular flow of the stream would 
not thoroughly irrigate one-fifth such amount. After failure of the 
original company and after repeated efforts on the part of the Desert 
Land Board to enhst private capital for the completion of the project, 
including the necessary storage, the legislature made an appropriation 
which is to be returned within 10 years, with interest at the rate of 6 
per cent, including $5 per acre in addition thereto for the State's recla- 
mation fund. It is estimated that 23,500 acres will thus be reclaimed. 
The price to settlers will be based on actual cost and will not be known 
definitely until construption work is well advanced. 

The Crooked River drainage basin is more barren and desert-hke 
than that of any of the other important tributaries of Deschutes River. 
Its discharge fluctuates, for different seasons at Prineville, from about 
5 second-feet to 5,000 second-feet, the floods occurring duiing the 
spring break-up. Its low-water flow is fully appropriated at or above 
PrineviUe, and a considerable area is dependent on early spring irriga- 



ECONOMIC DISTKIBUTION OF WATER. 79 

tion to mature at least one crop. The total area irrigated during the 
spring months by Crooked River and its tributaries in 1910 amounted 
to 27,960 acres, which is more than is now irrigated by Deschutes 
River itself and its tributaries. Of this area 3,209 acres is located 
below Prineville ^nd irrigated from Crooked River and McKay Creek, 
and 3,783 acres are irrigated from Ochoco Creek and its tribu- 
taries. In T. 14 S., R. 21 E., 3,537 acres are irrigated, and in 
Tps. 19 and 20 S., R. 22 E., 2,058 acres, mostly wild-grass meadow, 
are irrigated. The largest body of irrigated land is located just above 
Paulina, at the junction of the numerous tributaries which meet in 
that vicinity. 

A suggested dam about 1 mile below the junction of the North and 
South forks of Crooked River in sec. 6, T. 17 S., R. 21 E., to hold 170 
feet depth of water, will create a lake of 6,250 acres and store 360,000 
acre-feet, according to prehminary investigations by the United 
States Reclamation Service. If these figures are confirmed by care- 
ful surveys, this reservoir wiU hold more water than is necessary to 
supply the irrigable land along the stream. However, water can be 
diverted from Crooked River a short distance above Prineville and 
conducted through a canal approximately 50 miles long and cover 
the 100,000 acres of irrigable land on Agency Plain. A hasty exami- 
nation of this latter project indicates that it will cost more to irrigate 
such lands from Crooked River than from the Deschutes. It is 
believed that the value of these lands when irrigated will justify the 
construction of even the Crooked River project. 

Various authorities claim that 10,000 to 43,000 acres additional 
can be irrigated from Crooked River in the vicinity of Prineville, and 
about 7,000 acres in the various pockets along the stream above 
Prineville and below the reservoir site. This irrigation will require 
about 150,000 acre-feet of water, leaving about 80,000 acre-feet to 
supplement the flow in the lower Deschutes River for power develop- 
ment, the rest of the reservoir capacity being used to equalize the 
flow between wet and dry years. Some additional storage for irri- 
gation or power can be had along Ochoco Creek, but it is beUeved to 
be quite expensive. 

Below Cline Falls on Deschutes River it is practically impossible 
to divert water by gravity from the main stream for irrigation. 
Between Cline Falls and Benham Falls the canyon is 100 feet or more 
deep in places, but at other points the stream comes near enough to 
the surface of the plateau so that, it appears, water can be diverted 
without excessive cost. The extent of present diversions and vested 
rights to water in the vicinity of Bend has been described elsewhere 
in this report. 

With the fullest development of the Deschutes through storage 
thousands of acres of arid land in addition to that now in process of 



80 DESCHUTES RIVER^ OREGON. 

reclamation from the ordinary summer flow of the stream can ulti- 
mately be brought under cultivation in Crook County. 

The entire flow of Deschutes River in the vicinity of Bend, amount- 
ing to 1,220,000 acre-feet per annum, can be regulated by construct- 
ing a dam just above Benham Falls (PI. VI, A), if foundations and 
other conditions prove feasible and if no better site can be found. 
To store the surplus winter flow this reservoir should have a capacity 
of at least 700,000 acre-feet, to insure which the water surface at the 
dam site should be raised 65.3 feet, flooding 25,630 acres. This dam 
site is 14 miles south of Bend and 181 miles from and 4,014 feet above 
the mouth of Deschutes River. In a straight line it is only about 
115 miles to the Columbia. Throughout the summer season, as water 
is released for irrigation, there will be, at a point just below Benham 
Falls, a flow which will compare favorably with that of the lower 
Deschutes and which can be used for power development in dimin- 
ishing quantities as it passes the various diversion dams to the last 
diversion below Laidlaw. This power can be developed at small 
cost, incidental to irrigation development, and can be used for pump- 
ing water to other lands or transmitted to the Willamette Valley for 
use during the low-water period to supplement power development. 
More detailed studies should be made in order to estimate even 
approximately the value of this summer power. 

It can be safely stated that more land can be found available for 
irrigation below the proposed Benham Falls reservoir site than there 
is water to supply. There is 60,000 acres in what is known as the 
Benham FaUs Carey Act segregation, which lies east of the town of 
Bend and which can be reached by a gravity canal with its intake 
immediately below the proposed dam. In the vicinity of Bend there 
is about 20,000 acres of timber land, which will be cut over within 
a few years and may eventually require water for irrigation. Approxi- 
mately 100,000 acres northeast of Bend are to be irrigated from the 
regular flow of the stream under existing projects. The people on 
Agency Plain must have domestic water supply in the near future, 
and it is beUeved that they will be eager to sign up their lands to 
insure both irrigation and domestic supply from the suggested Benham 
Falls reservoir. From this source possibly 100,000 acres can be 
irrigated. The aggregate area of these tracts is 286,000 acres. There 
is about 6,000 acres of land on the narrow peninsula between the 
Deschutes and Crooked River canyons. The total area below 
Benham Falls which can ultimately be irrigated through the com- 
plete regulation of Deschutes River is only about 280,000 acres. 

Any one of these districts could be omitted from a general scheme 
of construction, leaving the water to be applied to other tracts whose 
owners are more eager to obtain the benefits of irrigation. Because 
of the shortage in water supply for feasible gravity projects it is 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 344 PLATE VI 




A. BENHAM FALLS, ON DESCHUTES RIVER IN SEC. 9, T. 19 S., R. 1 1 E. 




n. FALLS ON DLt^ollUIEiS RIVER IN SEC. 27, T. 18 S., R. 11 E., NEAR BEND. 



ECONOMIC DISTKIBUTION OF WATER. 81 

doubtful if any extensive pumping projects will ever be undertaken 
in the upper Descbutes basin, where surplus summer power can be 
developed incidental to gravity diversions. 

STORAGE. 

The entire drainage area above Benham Falls can be considered a 
natural reservoir site. Underground water can be found at many 
places by digging from 4 to 8 feet through the loose pumiceous sand. 
An underground river running northward through Tps. 22 and 23 S., R. 
10 E., can be traced for 10 or 12 miles by a narrow natural meadow ter- 
minating in the East Fork of the Deschutes, where numerous springs 
appear. The streams in this section are entirely different in character 
from those in all other sections of the basin. The water flows quietly 
and with scarcely a ripple through natural grass meadows, which 
are but a few feet above the water surface. At the edge of such a 
meadow a low bench appears, from the top of which the ground slopes 
very gradually to the crest of the divide. It is believed that all water 
originating in this upper basin comes to the surface at Benham Falls. 

Natural reservoir sites exist at Crane Prairie, Odell Lake, Crescent 
Lake, Big Marsh (which is about 5 miles southeast of Crescent Lake), 
Pauhna Lakes, and Benham Falls. Davis Lake has an underground 
outlet which will doubless prevent its use as a reservoir site. 

Almost the entire drainage basin above Benham Falls, 48 miles in 
maximum length by about 42 miles in width, could be irrigated if 
there were no better use to which the water could be applied. This 
land is largely included in national forests and much of it is cov- 
ered by jack pine poor in quahty and of little commercial value at 
the present time. For the purposes of this report it has been assumed 
that water is to be allotted for only 80,000 acres in this upper basin. 
This, with a duty of 3 acre-feet at the intake will require annually 
240,000 acrcrfeet of water. It is estimated that 50 per cent of this 
amount will reappear as seepage for storage in the proposed Benham 
Falls reservoir. 

It is believed that 180,000 acre-feet of the total water reserved for 
the upper basin can be obtained from the regular flow of Little River 
(a name by which the Middle Fork, here considered the main stream, is 
locally known) , supplemented by storage in Crescent and Odell lakes, 
the balance of 60,000 acre-feet to be diverted from West Fork, which 
is locally known as Big River. 

The State, operating under the Carey Act, is now engaged in the 
reclamation of 30,000 acres in Tps. 21, 22, and 23 S., R. 10 E. This 
leaves only 50,000 acres of new land to be supplied with water. As a 
canal from Odell Lake will pass below the outlet of Crescent Lake and 
Big Marsh, and follow close to the summit of the Walker Range to a 
divide near the northeast corner of T. 25 S., R. 11 E., fi-om which 
48348°— wsp 344—14 6 



82 DESCHUTES EIVER, OREGON. 

point water will flow by natural channel to the Fort Rock desert, 
comprising about 300,000 acres near Silver Lake, it is apparent that 
there will be no difficulty in finding 50,000 acres of additional land 
upon which to apply such water. 

A canal diverting water from the West Fork, in sec. 17, T. 21 S., 
R. 8 E., just below the outlet of the proposed Crane Prairie reservoir 
site, may be possible of construction southward, to the west of Davis 
Lake, to supply the greater part of the best lands in the Walker basin. 

Pauhna Lakes are said to be craters of an extinct volcano. Being 
near the summit of the range their drainage area is small and the 
outflowing stream is now fully utilized. 

DOMESTIC SUPPLY. 

Domestic use is the highest use to which water can be put. How- 
ever, the prospective use for such purpose will be so small in compari- 
son with the total used for irrigation and power that it can be secured, 
if necessary, by condemnation, without much financial loss due to 
failure of the general plans to comprehend such use. 

The quaUty of the water available for domestic supplies in the 
Deschutes Valley, however, will have an important bearing on the 
future settlement of this district, and the preservation of its natural 
purity is an important duty that the State owes not only to the 
present but also to the future residents of this district. (See pp. 
85-86.) 

Anticipating a rapid development and settlement of the Deschutes 
River basin and recognizing the difficulty in enforcing proper sani- 
tary regulations within the valley after it wiU have become densely 
populated, the legislature enacted a law making it- 

tinlawful for any person or persons, company, association, or corporation, to put or 
deposit in Deschutes River, or any tributary thereof, or artificial canal or ditch, in 
which the waters of said Deschutes River run, any sewage, refuse, waste, or polluting 
matter, or any dead animal carcass or part thereof, or any matter which either by itself, 
or in connection with any other substance, will corrupt or impair the quality of the 
water of said river for domestic or municipal purposes. The penalty for violation of 
this statute is a fine of $25 to $500 and imprisonment in the county jail from ten days 
to three months, or both such fine and imprisonment. (Chapter 45, Laws of Oregon, 
1911, p. 66.) 

This statute will compel all towns and cities to make definite plans 
at the outset for the disposal of sewage in some other way than by the 
usual method of discharging into surface streams. It is compara- 
tively easy at the outset to compel development along right lines, but 
once sewers are constructed discharging into pubHc streams, it wiU 
take the sacrifice of many lives through water-borne diseases and the 
useless waste of much money to remedy such conditions. Already 
the town of Bend has shown a disposition to conform with this law 
by preparing plans for the discharge of its sewage out on the desert at 
a point below the bed of the stream. 



ECONOMIC DISTKIBUTION OF WATER. 83 

SUMMARY. 

From information now in hand it appears tliat more than 600,000 
horsepower can be developed and that approximately 500,000 acres 
of arid land can ultimately be irrigated from Deschutes River and its 
tributaries. These figures are itemized as follows: 

Utilization of water of Deschutes River basin. 
Power: Brake horsepower. 

Lower Deschutes River (14 sites) 504,070 

Metolius River (4 sites) 98,289 

602, 359 
Power possibilities on other tributaries have not been investigated. 

Irrigation: Acres. 

Metolius River, by canal from Suttle Lake 10, 000 

Squaw Creek, irrigated or claimed 16, 480 

Tumalo Creek, water available for 30, 000 

Crooked River, irrigated 27,960 

Crooked River, additional irrigable, estimated 25, 000 

PauUna Creek, irrigated 700 

Deschutes River at Bend, projects under way. 100, 000 

Deschutes River, by storage in suggested Benham Falls 

reservoir 180, 000 

Deschutes River, by storage and regular flow south of 

suggested Benham Falls reservoir 80, 000 

Total, omitting many small tributaries of the lower 

Deschutes 470, 140 

Every drop of water in the Deschutes River basin, comprising 
9,180 square miles, can and eventually will be put to beneficial use. 
If the development of this stream is left to private capital without 
public consideration of the effect of each new project on the compre- 
hensive plan for the development of the valley as a whole enormous 
waste may take place before the highest use of these waters is attained. 
For immediate gain small and relatively expensive reservoirs might be 
built where a few large reservoirs could be made to serve all purposes. 
Power plants might be built at points where all the water should event- 
ually be diverted or stored for irrigation. Power companies using 
plants on the lower river might attempt to secure such vested rights as 
would not permit the subsequent storage or diversion of water at 
points above for irrigation, when in fact the return seepage from such 
diversions, if permitted, would probably benefit rather than injure 
such power development. Extensive storage to supplement the flow 
of water in the lower river for power should not be permitted on 
Deschutes River above Bend but should be confined to Crooked River, 
from which stream the diversion of water for irrigation is more difii- 
cult. With this exception, all the water in the upper two-thirds of 
Deschutes River basin should bo reserved for irrigation, as our supply 
of undeveloped water power is probably far beyond the needs of the 



84 DESCHUTES RIVER, OREGON. 

present generation, and further the area of semiarid land between the 
towns of Bend, Prineville, Sisters, and Madras, susceptible of irrigation 
from Deschutes River, is considerably in excess of the available water 
supply. To make possible the highest use of Deschutes River we 
must persuade the railroad company for its own interest to relocate 
its line south of Bend prior to construction, as for 15 miles it passes 
through the Benham Falls reservoir site, whereas at but little if any 
greater expense it could be located a little farther to the east and 
above the proposed water level. All these matters are beheved to 
be within the control of the public if a comprehensive plan of develop- 
ment is adopted and subsequently adhered to and enforced. The 
preservation of the natural purity of these waters for domestic sup- 
plies is already protected by State law. 

Neither the State nor the Nation can long afford to pursue a poHcy 
of preventing power development in a particular district in aid of 
irrigation without extending every aid and encouragement to secure 
the diversion and use of this reserved water for the higher use of 
irrigation. When there is any question as to the proper pohcy to 
adopt, the benefit of the doubt should be resolved in favor of present 
use. 

The foregoing plan for the highest development of the waters of the 
Deschutes River basin, though based only on incomplete and to some 
extent very meager information, is beheved to be sufiiciently accurate 
to suggest to the administrative authorities — both State and na- 
tional — the line of action that will be for the greatest good to the 
greatest number. The State water laws make it the duty of the 
State engineer to refer aU applications for water privileges which 
menace either the safety or the welfare of the public to the State 
water board, and this board has full power to direct their refusal, if 
after full hearing public interest demands. 

With such a plan approved by the Interior Department of the 
United States, which has broad powers relating to extensive public 
lands in this district, the public interest should be more clearly de- 
fined and more easily protected. 

ACCURACY OF IRRIGATION DATA. 

This report deals primarily with the quantity of water available 
for use in the Deschutes basin and with the water-power possibilities. 
The discussion relative to possibilities of irrigation is, however, in- 
cidental to the report, for it is necessary to know the amount of water 
to be reserved for irrigation in order to estimate the residue available 
for power development. The information with respect to areas ir- 
rigated or susceptible of irrigation has been compiled from various 
sources and supplemented by observations of the writer when in the 
field on other work. It is believed to be sufficiently accurate for the 
purpose intended. 



QUALITY OF WATER. 85 

The great possibilities for irrigation development as disclosed by 

this compilation were presented in the Fourth Biennial Report of the 

State Engineer to the Oregon Legislature, with the result that $50,000 

was appropriated for the investigation of the Deschutes project along 

with others, the sum not to become available except for work carried 

on in cooperation with the United States. Within a few days after 

the passage of this act, in February, 1913, an equal amount of money 

was allotted from the United States reclamation fund, and cooperation 

in these investigations was authorized. Borings are now being made 

to ascertain the character of the formations at the proposed dam 

sites and the various canal lines are being located with sufficient 

accuracy to give a reliable estimate as to the cost of construction. 

A detailed report dealing with the possibihties of irrigation on 

Deschutes River basin will be issued on the completion of these 

investigations. 

QUAUITY OF WATER. 

By Walton Van Winkle.^ 

Deschutes River proper drains a region in which the exposed rocks 
are Tertiary lavas, tuffs, and basalts, and the mineral matter carried 
in solution is made up largely of salts of sodium, chiefly bicarbonate, 
leached directly from the disintegrating rock material. The total 
amount of dissolved matter carried is small, averaging at Bend 
between 65 and 75 parts per million, and at the mouth about 25 parts 
per million more. Seasonal variations in mineral content, at least 
above the confluence of Crooked River, are very small, owing to the 
remarkable constancy of volume of the run-off. The water of the 
upper Deschutes is excellent for irrigation, industrial, or domestic use. 
The amount of soap consumed by the hardening constituents in it is 
trifling, no treatment is in general required to prevent formation of 
scale in boilers, a quarter of a pound of lime to a thousand gallons of 
water at most being an ample corrective, and the water will not foam 
orcause corrosion in boilers. Though the water is soft it contains suffi- 
cient gas and dissolved mineral matter to render it palatable and 
wholesome. With proper precautions against contamination by 
human agencies the water is almost ideal for domestic use. As almost 
no suspended matter is carried by it, no trouble from silting up of 
reservoirs or sedimentation basins need be feared. In short, the 
water compares favorably with the better waters used for municipal 
supply in this country or in Europe. Though not so low in mineral 
content as Portland's supply from Bull Run, it is superior in this 
respect to the new supply of Los Angeles from Owens River, to 
the present supply of San Francisco, to supplies of any of the Mid- 
dle Western cities, and to many of those on the Atlantic seaboard. 

Crooked River furnishes oifly a small quantity of water to the 
Deschutes but is its chief tributary in point of size of drainage area. 

1 From U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Taper 363. 



86 



DESCHUTES RIVER, OREGON. 



It flows from the highlands in the southeastern corner of Crook County 
westward to the Deschutes, which it enters below the mouth of Opal 
Canyon. The drainage basin is almost completely covered with tuffs 
and lavas and contains only a few exposures of Tertiary lake sedi- 
ments. Though the water is of the same general type as that of 
Deschutes River it is less uniform in quality, much harder, and less 
free from suspended matter, owing to the much greater fluctuations 
in discharge to which it is subject. The marked seasonal variations 
in quality influence the water of the Deschutes very little because of 
the relatively small run-off of Crooked River, and the water below the 
confluence of the two streams is still of good quality and only slightly 
harder than the water at Bend. During high water the mineral 
content of Crooked River water is nearly the same as that of Deschutes 
River, and it is only at low water that high mineralization and con- 
sequent poorer quality are apparent. The chief effect of Crooked River 
on Deschutes River is the increased charge of suspended matter 
imported by it, but even this is not enough to increase the turbidity 
of Deschutes River to a very great amount. 

White River, which originates in glaciers on Mount Hood, adds 
much suspended matter to the lower Deschutes in summer, but its 
effects are not of great significance. The combined effects of the 
tributary streams on Deschutes River water increase the suspended 
solids to not more than 150 parts per million at times of greatest 
turbidity and to an unnot ice able extent during winter and spring. 

AVAIIiABIIilTY OF THE WATER SUPPLY. 

By F. F. Henshaw. 
EVAPORATION. 

When water must be stored in a large but relatively shallow reser- 
voir loss by evaporation becomes a serious consideration. As no 
records of evaporation have been kept in the immediate vicinity of 
Deschutes River, records that have been obtained in other mountain 
and plateau areas of the West and that are thought to be valuable 
for comparative studies are presented in the following tables: 

Evaporation at stations in areas comparable with drainage basin of Deschutes River. 
Klamath River near Eeno, Oreg. 

[120 miles south-southwest of Bend; altitude, 4,080 feet.] 



Month. 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


Mean. 


Mean. 




Inches. 


Inches. 

1.19 

.78 

.78 

2.69 

4.12 

6.20 

7.57 

7.03 

6.15 

1.98 

.46 


Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. 

0.02 

.18 

.29 

3.87 

4.47 

6.65 

6.06 

6.65 

4.68 

2.76 

.83 


Inches. 


Feet. 










0.83 
1.20 
2.81 
3.38 
6.60 
8.01 
7.40 
4.62 
2.17 
.89 






March 








0.76 
3.10 
4.14 
5.16 
6.44 
6.46 
4.73 
2.26 
.84 


0.06 


April 




3.03 
4.58 
4.04 
6.87 
4.69 
3.76 
2.22 


"'3.' 29" 
4.70 
6.30 
4.05 
2.42 
1.17 


.26 


May. 




.34 






.43 


July 




.54 


August 


6.66 
5.12 
2.01 


.54 




.39 


October 


.19 


November 


.07 









AVAILABILITY OF WATER SUPPLY. 



87 



Evaporation at stations in areas comparable with drainage hasin of Deschutes River — 

Continued. 

Tule Lake at Merrill, Oreg. 

[140 miles south-southeast of Bend; altitude, 4,060 feet.] 



Month. 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


Mean. 




Feet. 


Feet. 
0.11 
.04 
.28 
.36 
.37 
.46 
.77 
.61 
.50 
.31 
.31 
.40 


Feet. 
0.24 
.18 
.22 
.18 
.57 
.44 
.49 
.65 
.50 
.28 
.17 
.15 


Feet. 
0.07 
.17 
.32 
.41 
.82 
.48 
.64 
.61 
.45 
.20 
.26 
.24 


Feet. 
0.17 
.15 
.25 
.31 
.41 
.54 
.69 
.51 
.52 
.27 
.35 
.30 


Feet. 
0.50 
.05 
.45 
.36 
.45 
.51 
.69 
.62 
.38 
.31 
.27 


Feet. 
0.22 


February. 




.23 


March 




.30 


April. 




.32 


M^y.::::::::::;:::::::::::::::: 




.52 


June 




.49 


July 




.66 


August 


0.92 
.43 
.28 
.33 
.35 


.65 


September 


.46 


October 


.28 


November 


.28 


December ... 


.24 








The year 


2.31 


4.52 


4.07 


4.67 


4.47 


4.59 


4.65 







Moses Lake at Neppel, Wash. 
[270 miles north-northeast of Bend; altitude, 1,040 feet.] 



Month. 


1909 


1911 


1912 


Mean. 


Mean. 


February, . .^ 


Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. 
0.06 
.76 
3.43 
5.08 
7.21 
8.01 
8.05 
5.65 
3.36 
2.27 
.23 


Inches. 
0.06 

.76 
3.43 
5.08 
6.61 
7.35 
7.07 
4.62 
2.92 
2.27 

.23 


Feet. 
0.01 


March 






.06 


April 






.29 


M^y.. :.:.:.;.:.:.:..::.:.:.:.:.:::...;.:::. :.:::.:.: 




5.08 
6.01 
6.85 
6.53 
4.07 
2.47 


.42 


June 




.55 


July 


7.20 

6.63 

4.14 

.76 


.61 


August 


.59 


September 


38 


October 


.24 


November 


19 


December 






.02 










The period 








40.40 


3.36 













Lake Tahoe at Tahoe. Cal. 

[350 miles south-southeast of Bend; altitude, 6,225 feet.] 



Month. 



1900 



1901 



1902 



1903 



1904 



1905 



1906 



January... 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October... 
November. 
December. 



Inches. 



2.44 
3.89 
4.00 
5.15 
3.10 
2.15 
1.38 
1.33 



Inches. 
0.84 
.70 
.77 
1.25 
2.42 
3.35 
4.42 
6.50 
4.12 
2.65 
2.09 
1.44 



Inches. 
1.02 

.87 
1.24 
1.85 
1.08 
2.45 
3.40 
3.45 
3.40 
3.09 
2.15 

.85 



Inches. 
0.70 
.84 
1.88 
2.75 
3.20 
3.90 
5.62 
4.66 
4.27 
3.33 
2.53 
1.44 



Inches. 
1.17 
.47 
.56 
1.38 
3.19 
3.80 
4.42 
4.73 
3.27 
2.86 
2.77 
1.59 



Inches. 
1.81 
1.30 
1.78 
2.46 
2.50 
3.57 
4.76 
5.27 
4.74 
3.82 
2.78 
1.85 



Inches. 
1.12 

.98 
1.20 
1.42 
2.26 
2.39 
4.30 
4.55 
3.94 
3.70 
1.35 

.62 



The records for all these stations, except for Tiile Lake, represent 
observations with standard evaporation pans. The recorded values 
for Tule Lake were derived by the United States Reclamation Service 
from studies of inflow in Lost River, the source of Tule Lake, and 
the fluctuation of level of the lake itself. It is reasonably certain 
that some water flows from the lake through the porous lava beds 



88 



DESCHUTES EIVEE, OREGON. 



which form its southern margin, and the estimated losses by evapora- 
tion are therefore probably too large, but as the error must be nearly 
constant month by month the records serve as a valuable aid in 
estimating losses in winter when the evaporation pans are unreHable. 
The amount of evaporation assumed for Benham Falls, based on a 
study of these records and shown in the following table, is probably 
conservatively large. The estimate of precipitation on the Benham 
Falls reservoir site is the average of the means of precipitation at 
Bend and Crescent, as given by the Weather Bureau in Summary 
of climatologic data of United States, as the site is almost halfway 
in a straight line between these two points. 

Estimated precipitation and evaporation from water surface (in feet) at Benham Falls, 

Oreg. 



Month. 



Evapo- 
ration. 



Precipi- 
tation. 



Assumed 
net loss. 



January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year 



0.10 
.10 
.15 
.30 
.50 
.50 



,50 
.30 
.15 
.10 



3.90 



0.22 
.19 
.18 
.08 
.12 



1.42 



0.00 
.00 
.10 
.20 
.40 



.50 
.20 
.10 
.00 



3.00 



In order to determine the net quantity of water to be made avail- 
able by any reservoir the estimated gross storage must be reduced by 
the estimated evaporation from the mean water surface. 

The effect of evaporation on run-off is measured not by the actual 
evaporation from water surface but by the difference between the 
losses from water surface and from the land surface in its original 
condition. The transpiration of moisture from the rank growth of 
grass and tules in a marsh may be greater than from open water. 
For example, loss by evaporation from water surface caused by the 
flooding of an area like Big Marsh on upper Deschutes River would 
probably be no greater, and might be less, than the present loss due 
to plant growth. In the winter, when the surface is frozen and snow 
covered for two or three months, evaporation must be practically 
identical from ground and water surfaces and must be almost neghgi- 
ble in plans for storage. On a relatively flat area, such as the site of 
the suggested reservoir above Benham Falls, the rainfall during the 
growing season is probably aU transpired by vegetation. During such 
periods the net loss in run-off caused by flooding would therefore be 
the difference between evaporation from water surface and rainfall. 
(See table.) 



AVAILABILITY OF WATER SUPPLY. 



89 



DUTY OF WATER. 

The irrigating season in the Deschutes River basin lasts as a rule 
from 100 to 120 days, although some water is used outside of what is 
considered the season proper. 

In contracts with some of the companies operating under the Carey- 
Act it is stipulated that there shall be delivered on the land 1.8 feet of 
water in 90 days, May 23 to August 20. Allowing about 30 per 
cent loss in canals, this amount will equal 2.6 acre-feet per acre at the 
point of diversion for the 90 days. Enough water is required at 
either end of the season to bring the total diversion to at least 3.3 acre- 
feet per acre. For aU tracts on the east side of the river below Benham 
Falls and for some on the west it is necessary to supply water for 
domestic use during the entire year. The amount diverted from 
October to April is in general about 10 per cent of the total. The 
monthly duty assumed for the several tracts and the total diversion 
is indicated in the following tables : 

Monthly use of water in acre-feet and per cent of total on Deschutes projects {measured at 

point of diversion) . 



Month. 



April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October to April. 

Total 



Above Benham 

Falls. 



Acre-feet. 



0.24 
.45 

1.05 
.96 
.30 



3.00 



Per cent 
of total. 



100 



Benham Falls to 
Bend. 



Acre-feet. 



0.33 
.66 
.82 
.83 
.33 
.33 



3.30 



Per cent 
of total. 



100 



Below Laidlaw. 



Acre-feet. 



0.16 
.33 
.56 
.83 
.82 
.30 

a. 30 



3.30 



Per cent 
of total. 



5 
10 
17 
25 
25 

9 
o9 



100 



a October to March. 



RETURN WATERS. 



A part of the water applied to the land will reenter the stream at 
points lower down, the proportionate amount depending on the 
character of construction on canals and laterals, soils, method of 
application, and other factors. Little definite information is avail- 
able as to seepage losses and return waters on Deschutes River 
projects, and any values that might be determmed for present condi- 
tions would probably not be applicable in the future, when all the 
water would be used and seepage losses minimized. It is therefore 
necessary to make arbitrary assumptions as to the probable amount 
of water returned and also as to the place at which the water will 
reach the river. 



90 DESCHUTES RIVEE, OREGON. 

There are two points at which the Deschutes receives large con- 
tributions from springs, one in the Benham Falls reservoir site and the 
other near the mouth of Crooked River. At the first, Spring Eiver, a 
stream less than a mile long, discharges 180 to 300 second-feet into 
the Deschutes just below the mouth of West Fork, and Fall River, 
also entirely spring fed, enters West Fork near its mouth. Compari- 
sons between discharge at Benham Falls and the forks above indicate 
that there may be seepage into the river which can not be accounted 
for by Spring River. It would therefore appear that the ground 
water is rising in this section of the river, and that any seepage from 
an irrigated tract above this point would rise here. Between Ben- 
ham Falls and the mouth of Crooked River there are no visible 
springs, but large springs enter the lower part of Crooked River and 
there are probably some that deliver water directly to the Deschutes 
near this point. Comparison of the discharge of the Deschutes River 
at Mecca with that of the river and its two main tributaries above, 
indicates that during the low water of 1912 these springs must have 
been furnishing between 1,600 and 1,700 second-feet of water. As 
the seepage from the irrigated lands in the Deschutes and Crooked 
River basins must join the body of ground water from which these 
springs are fed, it has been assumed that aU return waters will enter 
the Deschutes at the mouth of Crooked River. 

It has also been assumed that of the water diverted above Benham 
Falls 50 per cent wiU return and be available for storage in a reservoir 
at that point, and that of the water diverted below Benham Falls 
35 per cent will return at the junction of Crooked River with the 
Deschutes. Furthermore, it has been assumed that the retiu"n wiU 
take place gradually and uniformly throughout the year — an as- 
sumption justified by the fact that the return water does not reach 
the river directly but first joins the ground water in the porous lava. 

These assumptions lead to the following estimate of future return 
waters at Crooked River: 

Total possible diversions. 

Acre-feet. 

Deschutes River between Benham Falls and Cline Falls 1, 053, 000 

Tumalo Creek 72, 800 

Crooked River 150, 000 

1, 275, 800 

The equivalent mean discharge is 1 ,760 second-feet, of which it is 
assumed that 35 per cent, or 620 second-feet, will return to the river. 

The amount returned under the conditions existing for the last 
seven 3^ears has been estimated by averaging diversions from October 
1 to September 30, and assuming that 35 per cent of the diverted water 
returned to the river above the mouth of Crooked River between July 
1 and June 30 of the following year, as shown in the table. 



AVAILABILITY OF WATER SUPPLY. 



91 



Mean diversions and estimated return waters from Deschutes River and tributaries, 

1905-1912. 



Mean diversions. 


Return waters. 


Year (Oct. 1-Sept. 30). 


Second- 
feet. 


Year (July-June). 


Second- 
feet. 


1905-6 


177 
234 
262 
262 
248 
273 
262 


1906-7 


62 


1906-7 


1907-8 


82 


1907-8 


1908-9 


92 


1908-9 . . 


1909-10 


92 


1909-10 


1910-11 


87 


1910-11 ... 


1911-12 . . 


95 


1911-12 


1912-13 


92 









The net effect of diversions and return, month by month, is shown 
in the table on page 114. 

POSSIBLE USE OF WATER FOR IRRIGATION. 



ABOVE BENHAM FALLS. 

Two fairly distinct projects are possible of development above Ben- 
ham Falls — one by direct diversion from the natural flow of West Fork 
near Crane Prairie, the other by diversion from Deschutes River 
near the mouth of East Fork, supplemented by storage on Big Marsh 
and Crescent and Odell lakes. 

The water supply for the second project consists, during the irri- 
gating season, of the total flow of Deschutes River below East Fork 
plus that of Odell Lake outlet; during the storage season it includes 
the flow at the Big Marsh dam site and the two lakes. As the 
discharge records at these storage sites cover only short periods, it 
has been necessary to estimate discharges by comparing the records 
of the Deschutes at Allen's ranch. Out of the eight years during 
which records are available at Allen's ranch (or at Lapine, which 
gives practically the same record) there were records on East Fork 
for five and one-half years. The difference between the discharges 
at these two points represents the flow of Deschutes River above East 
Fork, practically all of which can be stored either in Big Marsh or in 
Crescent Lake. The data for the division of the supply between the 
two forks are rather meager, but the total amount available for 
storage can be closely approximated. The records on which these 
estimates are based are compared in the following tables: 

Comparison of discharges {in acre-feet) of upper Deschutes River and tributaries in 1912. 



Month. 



Big 
Marsh 
outlet. 



Crescent 
Lake 
outlet. 



East Fork 

of 
Deschutes. 



Deschutes 

at 

Lapine. 



Deschutes 

above 
East Fork.o 



April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September . 



7,260 
15, 100 
15,600 
5,790 
2,670 
2,280 



2,230 
4,160 
9, 100 
8,240 
4,730 
3,700 



4,840 
13,000 
14,800 
5,380 
3, 190 
2,770 



15,900 
33,200 
39,700 
20, 800 
11,400 
9,340 



11,100 
20,200 
24,900 
15.400 
8,210 
6,570 



The period . 



48,700 



32, 100 



43,980 



130,340 



86,380 



a Obtained by subtracting discharge of East Fork record from discharge of DescJmtos at Lapine record. 



92 



DESCHUTES EIVER, OEEGON. 



Relations (in percentages) between discharge of upper Deschutes River and its tributaries. 



Month. 



Big Marsh 

outlet to 

Deschutes 

at Lapine. 



Crescent 
Lake out- 
let to 
Deschutes 
at Lapine. 



East Fork 
to Des- 
chutes at 
Lapine. 



Big Marsh 

outlet to 

Deschutes 

above East 

Fork. 



Crescent 
Lake out- 
let to 
Deschutes 
above East 
Fork. 



Big Marsh 

outlet to 

East Fork 

at Crescent. 



April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

The period 



35 



150 
116 
105 
108 
84 
82 



37 



25 



56 



37 



111 



Comparison of mean monthly discharge in second-feet, Deschutes River at Allen's ranch 

and East Fork at Crescent. 





1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


Month. 


j 


! 


1 


1 


1 
1 


f 


J 


i 

1 


1 


1 


1 


(S 


January 




76.6 
74.0 
64.7 
65.4 
74.7 
62.8 
35.1 
28.0 
25.5 
31.9 
23.6 
23.6 


'26' 
24 
27 
26 
25 
26 
28 
32 
26 
24 


166 
123 
136 
332 
445 
369 
220 
122 
108 
103 
13.7 
144 


88.8 
97.3 
80.8 
89.3 

124 

111 
65.2 
37.1 
36.2 
35.4 
52.1 
5L8 


56 
79 
59 
27 
28 
30 
30 
30 
33 
34 
38 
36 


220 
793 
345 
570 
696 
558 
330 
227 
196 
161 
157 
287 


89.7 

183 

104 
18.4 

195 

151 
76.5 
47.5 
42.0 
35.5 
35.2 
68.9 


41 
23 
30 
32 
28 
27 
23 
21 
21 
22 
22 
24 


300 
170 
271 


58.1 
70.8 
60.9 


19 


February . . 




42 


March 


319 

274 

278 

241 

141 

107 
90.9 

100 
90.6 
99.2 


??, 


April 




May 








June 








July 








August 








September 








October 
















December . 
















The year 




50.5 


26 


200 


72.2 


32 


378 


101 


27 






?8 















1910 


1911 


1912 


0^ 


Month. 


j 


i 


1 


1 


1 


1 


j 


1 


(S 


January 








150 
170 
174 
256 
416 
487 
226 
125 
128 
118 
143 
114 


59.7 
67.1 
87.1 
74.3 

105 

139 
54.2 
35.8 
34.4 
35.5 

(44.3) 

(35.3) 


40 
39 
50 
29 
25 
29 
24 
29 
27 
30 


240 

299 
179 
270 
540 
668 
339 
185 
157 






33 


February 










. . . . 


35 


March 








46.2 
81.3 

213 

248 
87.5 
51.8 
46.5 


26 
30 
40 
37 
26 
28 
30 


30 

28 


April 








M^y 








30 
30 


June 








July 








26 


August 








27 


September 








28 


October 


138 
102 
229 


35.7 

50.5 
57.0 


26 
31 
25 


29 
29 


November 






.... 


December 










27 










.... 




The year 






27 


209 





32 






31 


29 















Note.— Percentage for January, February, and March, 1906, discarded on account of ice at East Fork. 
Percentage of 28 has been used in discussion, as some other values for winter months are probably too high 
on account of ice. 

Miscellaneous measurements made at Crescent Lake outlet prior to 
1912 do not afford a sufficient basis for estimates of discharge. The 
winter flow of Crescent Lake outlet is probably low compared with 
that of the other tributaries of the upper Deschutes, but reUable 
winter records are lacking. For periods covered by records on East 
Fork the most reliable estimates for both Big Marsh outlet and 
Crescent Lake outlet can be made by taking percentages of the 



AVAILABILITY OF WATER SUPPLY. 



93 



differences between the discharge of the Deschutes at Allen^s ranch 
and that of the East Fork at Crescent. The discharge of Crescent 
Lake outlet has been estimated by applying the following percentages. 
It has been assumed that the percentage decreases gradually from 
September to April. 

Percentages used for computing probable discharges of Crescent Lake outlet. 



Month. 



January . . 
February. 

March 

April 

May 

June 



Applied to 

record of 

discharge of 

Deschutes 

River at 

Allen's 

ranch. 



Applied to 
discharge of 
Deschutes 
River at 
Allen's 
ranch 
minus dis- 
charge of 
East Fork 
at Crescent. 



Month. 



July 

August 

September. 
October . . . 
November. 
December . 



Applied to 

record of 

discharge of 

Deschutes 

River at 

Allen's 

ranch. 



Applied to 
discharge of 
Deschutes 
River at 
Allen's 
ranch 
minus dis- 
charge of 
East Fork 
at Crescent. 



The sum of the discharges of the outlets of Crescent Lake and Big 
Marsh appear to nearly equal the difference between the discharge of 
the Deschutes at Allen's ranch and that of the East Fork at Crescent, 
except possibly for a period in February and March, when the snow 
is melting from the lower areas. Thus the total water supply from 
the upper Deschutes that is available for storage can be determined 
very closely. For periods not covered by records of the East Fork 
the determination is subject to greater uncertainty. 

The quantity of water indicated by the records at the station on 
Big Marsh outlet is not all available for storage, as the dam site is 
2 or 3 miles farther upstream, at a point where the drainage area is 
smaller — 31 square miles as compared with 50 at the station. A 
part of the intermediate area is drained by a creek that can probably 
be diverted into the reservoir, and the rate of run-off from the lower 
area should therefore be less than that from the area tributary to the 
dam. The run-off available for storage in Big Marsh has therefore 
been estimated as 80 per cent of that at the station, and the per- 
centages for reducing discharge at Allen's ranch to discharge at Big 
Marsh taken as follows : 

Percentages used in computing probable discharge of Big Marsh outlet. 







Applied to 






Applied to 






discharge 






discharge 




Applied to 


of 




Applied to 


of 




discharge 


Deschutes 




discharge 


Deschutes 




of 


River at 




of 


River at 


Month. 


Deschutes 


Allen's 


Month. 


Deschutes 


AUen's 




River at 


ranch 




River at 


ranch 




Allen's 


minus that 




Allen's 


minus that 




ranch. 


of East 
Fork at 
Crescent. 




ranch. 


of East 
Fork at 
Crescent. 


Januarv 


30 


45 


July 


22 


30 


February 


30 


60 




20 


25 


March 


35 


50 


September 


20 


25 


April 


37 
38 
31 


50 
()0 
50 


October 


20 
25 
2,') 


30 


May 




35 


Juno 


December 


40 









94 



DESCHUTES RIVER, OREGON. 



The relation between the discharge of the Deschutes and that of 
Odell Lake is shown by the following table : 

Comparisons of discharge of Odell Lake outlet with that of Deschutes River at Allen'' s ranch 

and La-pine, 1912. 



Month. 


Des- 
chutes 
Kiver. 


OdeU 
Lake 
outlet. 


Per cent. 


Month. 


Des- 
chutes 
River. 


OdeU 
Lake 
outlet. 


Per cent. 


January . 


A cre-feet. 
14,800 
17,200 
11,400 
15,900 
33,200 
39,700 


Acre-feet. 
7,380 
9,200 
4,300 
4,170 
9,220 
14,300 


50 
53 
38 
26 
28 
36 


July 


Acre-feet. 
20,800 
11,400 
9,340 


Acre-feet. 
6,760 
3,440 
4,170 


32 




August 


30 


March 


September 


45 


April 


The period... 




May 


174,000 


62,900 


36 











Note.— As the records for Odell Lake for January to March are very uncertain the ratio used has been 
r<3duced to 34. 

The discharges estimated by means of the percentages in the pre- 
ceding tables are shown in the following table: 



Estimated monthly discharge, in acre-^ 



of upper Deschutes River and tributaries, 1905- 
1912. 



Month. 



1 

Des- 
chutes 
River at 
Allen's 
ranch. 



East 
Fork at 
Crescent. 



Big 
Marsh 
outlet. 



Crescent 
Lake 
outlet. 



Odell 
Lake 
outlet. 



Total of 
2,3,4, 
and 5. 



Total of 
3, 4, and 5. 



1905. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May.... 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year . . . 

1906. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year — 

1907. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year 



16,800 
14,700 
19,600 
16,300 
17,100 
14,300 
8,670 
6,580 
5,419 
6,150 
5,390 
6,100 



137,000 



10,200 
6,830 
8,300 
19,800 
27,400 
22,000 
13,500 
7,500 
6,430 
6,330 
8,150 
8,850 



145,000 



13,500 
44,000 
21,200 
33,900 
42,800 
33,200 
20,300 
14,000 
11.700 
9,900 
9,340 
17.600 



4,710 
4,110 
3,980 
3,890 
4,590 
3,740 
2,160 
1,720 
1,520 
1,960 
1,400 
1,450 



5,440 
5,300 
7,800 
6,200 
7,500 
5,300 
1,850 
1,220 
980 
1,260 
1,400 
1,900 



4,230 
3,180 
3,900 
2,480 
2,500 
3,710 
3,260 
2,670 
2,140 
2,100 
1,800 
1,900 



5,700 
5,000 
6,660 
5,540 
5,810 
4,900 
2,950 
2,240 
1,840 
2,090 
1,830 
2,070 



20,100 

17,600 

22,300 

18,100 

20,400 

17,600 

10,200 

7,850 

6,480 

7,410 

6,430 

7,320 



35,200 



46,200 



33,900 



,600 



162,000 



2,860 
1,910 
2,340 
5,310 
7,620 
6,600 
4,010 
2,280 
2,150 
2,180 
3,100 
3,190 



3,060 
2,050 
2,930 
7,250 
11,900 
7,700 
2,840 
1,380 
1,070 
1,240 
1,770 
2,260 



2,550 
1,370 
1,340 
2,900 
3,960 
5,390 
4,740 
2,870 
2,300 
2,080 
2,270 
2,260 



43,000 



45,400 



34, 100 



5,220 
10,200 
6,400 
10,900 
12,000 
8,980 
4,700 
2,920 
2,500 
2,180 
2,090 
4,240 



3,720 
11,900 
7,400 
11,500 
18,500 
12, 100 
4,680 
2,780 
2,300 
2,320 
2,540 
5,360 



2,900 
10, 100 
3,700 
4,600 
7,160 
8,460 
7,800 
6,100 
5,060 
3,860 
3,260 
5,360 



3,500 
2,320 
2,840 
5,730 
9,410 
7,480 
4,590 
2,560 
2,190 
2,150 
2,770 
3,010 



12,000 

7,650 

9,450 

21,200 

32,900 

27,200 

16,200 

9,090 

7,770 

7,650 

9,910 

10,700 



48,600 



172,000 



4,590 
15,000 
7,200 
11,500 
14,600 
11,300 
6,900 
4,700 
3,980 
3,320 
3,180 
5.980 



16,400 
47,200 
24,700 
38,500 
52,300 
40,800 
24,100 
16, 600 
13,800 
11,700 
11,100 
20,900 



15,400 
13,500 
18,400 
14,200 



5,450 
5,030 
5,870 



9,110 
5,740 
7,110 
15,900 



5,470 
6,810 
7,530 



11,200 
37,000 
18,300 
27,600 



9,500 
8,980 
16,700 



271,000 



72,600 



85,100 



68,400 



92, 



318,000 



AVAILABILITY OF WATER SUPPLY. 



95 



Estimated monthly discharge, in acre-feet, of upp> 

1905-1912— Contim 



upper Deschutes River and tributaries. 



ontinued. 



Month. 


1 

Des- 
chutes 
River at 
Allen's 
ranch. 


2 

East 
Fork at 
Crescent. 


3 

Big 
Marsh 
outlet. 


4: 

Crescent 
Lake 
outlet. 


S 

Odell 
Lake 
outlet. 


TotJl of 
2.3,4, 
and 5. 


Total of 
3, 4, and 5. 


1908. 


18,400 
9,780 
16, 700 
24.200 
25; 600 
20,200 
15,600 
8,550 
8,390 
10,700 
10,700 
11,100 


3.570 
4,070 
3,740 
6,800 
7,160 
5,660 
4,370 
2,400 
2,350 
3,000 
3,000 
3,110 


6,660 
2.860 
6,500 
8,960 
9,730 
6,260 
3,430 
1,710 
1,680 
2,140 
2.680 
2,780 


5,180 
1,710 
3,250 
3,390 
3,330 
4,650 
6,240 
3,420 
3,360 
4,280 
3,740 
3,330 


6,260 
3,330 
5,^80 
8,230 
8,700 
6,860 
5,300 
2,910 
2,850 
3,640 
3,640 
3,770 


21,700 
12,000 
19,200 
27, 400 
28,900 
23,400 
19,300 
10,400 
10,200 
13, 100 
13,100 
13,000 


18, 100 


"February 


7,900 


March 


15,400 


April 


20,600 


May 








July 








September 




October . 


10,100 




10,100 


December 


9,880 






The year 


180,000 


49,200 


55,400 


45.900 


61,200 


212,000 








1909. 
.January 


9,220 

11,100 

12,500 

21,100 

28,200 

29,000 

16,200 

9,840 

8,510 

7,990 

33,100 

46,000 


2,580 
3,110 
3,500 
5,900 
7,800 
8,110 
4,530 
2,760 
2,380 
2,240 
9,270 
12,900 


2,760 
3,330 
4,380 
7,810 

10,700 
8,990 
3.560 
1,970 
1,700 
1,600 
8,280 

11,500 


2,300 
2,220 
2,000 
2,9.50 
3,670 
6,670 
6,480 
3,930 
3,400 
3,200 
12,600 
13,800 


3,140 
3,780 
4,250 
7,180 
9,590 
9,860 
5,510 
3,350 
2,880 
2,720 
11,300 
15,600 


10,800 
12,400 
14,100 
23,800 
31,800 
33,600 
20.100 
12,000 
10,400 
9,760 
41,400 
53,800 


8,200 




9,330 


March 


10,600 


April 


17,900 


Mav . . 








July 




August 








October 


7,520 


November 


32,200 


December 


40,900 






The year 


233,000 


65,100 


66,600 


63,200 


79,200 


274.000 








1910. 
January 


21,500 

19,400, 

43,800 

29,900 

31,700 

17,200 

11,400 

8,730 

7,860 

8,480 

9,640 

14, 100 


6,020 
5,430 
12,300 
8,330 
8,880 
4,820 
3,190 
2,450 
2,200 
2,200 
3,000 
3,500 


6,450 

5,820 

15,300 

11,100 

12,000 

5,330 

2,510 

1,750 

1,570 

1,880 

2,320 

4,240 


5,380 
3,880 
7,010 
4,190 
4,120 
3,960 
4,560 
3,490 
3,150 
3,140 
2,990 
4,240 


7,310 
6,600 
14,900 
10.200 
10,800 
5,850 
3,880 
2,970 
2,680 
2,890 
3,280 
4,800 


25,200 
21,700 
49,500 
33,800 
35,800 
10,000 
14, 100 
10, 700 
9,600 
10, 100 
11,600 
16,800 


19,100 


February 


16.300 


March 


37 200 




25,500 


Mav 




June 




July 




August 




September 




October 


7,910 
8 590 


November 


December 


13,300 






The year 


224,000 


62,300 


70,300 


50, 100 


76,200 


259.000 








1911. 
January 


9,220 
9,440 
10,700 
15.200 
25,600 
29,000 
13,900 
7,690 
7,620 
7,260 
8,510 
7,010 


3,140 
3,730 
5,360 
4,420 
6,460 
8,270 
3,330 
2,200 
2,050 
2,180 
2,640 
2,170 


2,740 
2,360 
2,670 
5,400 
11,500 
10,400 
3,180 
1,210 
1,390 
1,520 
2,050 
1,940 


2,130 
1,410 
1,340 
2,160 
3,820 
7,240 
5,300 
3,020 
3,060 
2,540 
2,640 
1,940 


3,140 
3,210 
3,640 
5.170 
8,710 
9,870 
4,730 
2,620 
2,590 
2,470 
2,880 
2,380 


11,200 
10,700 
13,000 
17,200 
30,500 
35,800 
16,500 
9,050 
9,090 
8,710 
10,200 
8,430 


8,010 
6 980 


February 


March 


7,650 
12 700 


April 


May 




June 




July 








September 




October 


6,530 
7,570 
6,260 


November 


December 






The year 


151,000 


46,000 


46,400 


36,600 


51.400 


180,000 








1912. 
January 


14,800 
17,200 
11,400 
15,900 
33,200 
39,700 
20,800 
11,400 
9,340 


4,050 
4,220 
2,840 
4,840 
13,000 
14,800 
5,380 
3,190 
2,770 
2,590 
2,820 
1,830 


4,440 
5,850 
4,280 
5,810 
12, 100 
12,500 
4,030 
2,170 
1,820 
1,760 
3,250 
2,210 


3,730 
3,850 
2, 150 
2,230 
4, 160 
9, 100 
8,240 
4,730 
3,700 
4,410 
4,640 
4,820 


7,380 
9,200 
4,300 
4,170 
9.220 
14,300 
6,760 
3.440 
4, 170 
4,500 
4,500 
5,000 


19,600 
23,100 
13,600 
17,000 
38.500 
50, 700 
25,000 
13.500 
12.500 
13.300 
15.200 
13,900 


15 600 


February 


18 900 


March 


10.700 
12,200 


April . 


May 


June 




July 




August 




September 




October 


10,700 
12 500 


November 




December 




13.000 






The vear 




62,300 


60,800 


55,S00 


76,900 


256, (X^O 











96 DESCHUTES EIVEK, OKEGON. 

A study has been made of the probable history of operation of 
the upper projects, in order to show the amount of storage required, 
the amount of water spilled, the deficiencies in supply, and the net 
effect on the flow of the river at Benham Falls. In the following 
table, Column 1 shows the amount of water available for October to 
April; it is the sum of the estimated values given in the preceding 
table for Big Marsh, Crescent, and Odell lakes, and for the irrigating 
season — May to September — it includes also the discharge of the East 
Fork, which can always be used by direct diversions, except possi- 
bly a small amount of water at the beginning and end of the season, 
when the demand will be less than the inflow below the reservoirs. 
Column 2 gives the amount required for irrigation as derived by means 
of the table on page 89. The difference between columns 1 and 2, 
shown in column 3, indicates the amount of water that can be stored 
or must be drawn to supply the demand. Column 4 represents the 
successive summation of values in column 3, subject to the limitation 
that the value must not exceed 120,000 acre-feet, the assumed ca- 
pacity of reservoirs, nor become negative. Column 5 shows the over- 
flow or the amount that the summations made in column 4 exceeds 
120,000; also the deficiency, when these summations introduce nega- 
tive values; the values in this column are for individual months and 
are not a summation. Column 6 shows the requirements of the project 
assumed to divert its supply direct from the natural flow of West 
Fork. Column 7 shows the quantity by which the flow at Benham 
Falls is assumed to be reduced (or increased) as a result of the opera- 
tion of these upper projects, and is obtained by addiug columns 1 
and 6, deducting 10,000 acre-feet, and changing the sign; that is, 
the flow below the project is reduced by the total amount available 
for diversion or storage, and increased by the estimated 10,000 acre-feet 
monthly return water. When water is spilled the amount of such 
loss must be deducted from the results in column 1 before adding. 
It will be noted that when the total flow at the three reservoir sites 
is less than 10,000 acre-feet there is an increase at Benham Falls. 



AVAILABILITY OF WATEE SUPPLY. 



97 



Study of manipulation of storage for possible projects on Deschutes River above Benham 

Falls, 1905-1912. 

[Quantities in acre-feet.] 



Month. 


1 

Avail- 
able run- 
off. 


2 

Required 
for irri- 
gation. 


3 

Excess 
and de- 
ficiency 
in water 
supply. 


4: 

In reser- 
voir at 
end of 
month. 


5 

Overflow 
(+)or 

deficien- 
cy (-). 


6 

Diverted 
from 
West 
Fork. 


7 

Efliect on 

run-off at 

Benham 

Falls. 


1905. 
January 


a 15, 400 
13,500 
a 18, 400 
ffll4,200 
c 20, 400 
c 17, 600 
c 10, 200 
c7,850 
c 6, 480 
a 5, 450 
a 5, 030 
5,870 




15,400 

13,500 

18,400 

14,200 

6,000 

- 9,400 

-52,800 

-49,800 

-11,500 

+ 5,450 

5,030 

5,870 


6 85,400 

98,900 

117,300 

120,000 

120,000 

110,600 

57,800 

8,000 

00 

5,450 

10,480 

16,350 






— 5,400 










- 3,500 


March 








- 8,400 


AprU 




+11,500 
+ 6,000 




+ 7,300 


Mav 


14, 400 
27,000 
63,000 
57,600 
18,000 


4,800 
9,000 
21,000 
19,200 
6,000 


— 9,200 


June . 


— 16,600 


July 




- 21,200 


August 




- 17,050 




- 3,500 


- 2,480 


October . 


+ 4, 550 


November. 








+ 4,970 
+ 4,130 


December 
















The year 


140,000 


180,000 






+17,500 
- 3,500 


60,000 


+ 20,950 
- 83,830 








1906. 
January . . 


o9,110 

5,740 

o 7, 110 

o 15, 900 

c 32, 900 

c 27, 200 

c 16, 200 

c9,090 

c 7, 770 

5,470 

o 6, 810 

7,530 




9,110 

5,740 

7,110 

15,900 

18,500 

200 

-46,800 

-48,500 

-10,200 

+ 5,470 

6,810 

7,530 


25,460 

31,200 

38,310 

54, 210 

72,710 

72,910 

26, 110 

00 

00 

5,470 

12,280 

19,810 






+ 890 


February 








+ 4, 260 


March... 








+ 2,890 

- 5,900 

— 27,700 


April 








M^y 


i4,466 
27,000 
63,000 
57,600 
18,000 




4,800 
9,000 
21,000 
19,200 
6,000 


June 




— 26,200 


July . 




— 27,200 


August 


-22,390 
-10,200 


- 18,290 


September 


— 3, 770 


October. . 


+ 4,530 
+ 3, 190 


November 








December. 








+ 2,470 










The year 


151,000 


180,000 






-32,590 


60,000 


+ 18,230 








-109,060 


1907. 
January 


11,200 
37,000 
18,300 
27,600 
c 52, 300 
c 40, 800 
c 24, 100 
c 16, 600 
c 13, 800 
9,500 
8,980 
o 16, 700 




11,200 

37,000 

18,300 

27,600 

37, 900 

13,800 

-38, 900 

-41,000 

- 4,200 

+ 9,500 

+ 8,980 

16,700 


31,010 
68,010 
86,310 
113,910 
120,000 
120,000 
81,000 
40,100 
35,900 
45,400 
54,380 
71,080 






- 1,200 

- 27,000 

- 8,300 

- 17,600 
+ 15,290 

- 26,000 

- 35,100 


February. 








March 








April 








M^y.:::::::::::::::::;::::::::: 


14,400 
27,000 
63,000 
57,600 
18,000 


+31,810 
+13,800 


4,800 
9,000 
21,000 
19,200 
6,000 


Jime 


July 


August 




— 25,800 


September 




— 9, 800 


October 




+ 500 


November. 








+ 1,020 
- 6,700 


December 
















The year 


277,000 


180,000 






+45,610 


60,000 


-172,790 
+ 1,520 








1908. 
January 


o 18, 100 
7,900 
o 15, 400 
o 20, 600 
c 28, 900 
c 23, 400 
c 19,300 
c 10, 400 
c 10, 200 
o 10, 100 
o 10, 100 
9,880 




18,100 
7,900 
15, 400 
20,600 
14,500 

- 3,600 
-43, 700 
-47,200 

- 7,800 
+ 10,100 

10, 100 
9,880 


89, 180 
97,080 
112,480 
120,000 
120,000 
116, 400 
72, 700 
25,500 
17, 700 
27,800 
37,900 
47, 780 






- 8,100 
+ 2,100 


February 








March... ... . . 








- 5,400 
+ 2,480 

- 9,200 

- 22,400 

- 30 300 


April 




+ 13,080 
+ 14,500 




M^y :.:::::::..:. 


14, 400 
27,000 
63,000 
57,600 
18,000 


4,800 

9,000 

21,000 

19,200 

6,000 


June... 


July 




August 




— 19,600 


September 




- 6,200 

— 100 


October 




November 








— 100 


December 








+ 120 












The year 


184,000 


180,000 






+27,680 


60,000 


-101,400 








+ 4,700 



o Sum of discharges at Big Marsh outlet, Crescent Lake outlet, and Odell Lake outlet. 

6 Content of reservoir at beginning of the month assumed as 70,000 acre-feet. 

c Sum of discharges East Fork of Deschutes, Big Marsh outlet, and Crescent and Odell lakes. 



48348°— wsp 3- 



14- 



98 



DESCHUTES EIVEK, OKEGON. 



Study of manipulation of storage for possible projects on Deschutes River above Benham 
Falls, 1905-1912— Continued. 



Month. 



Avail- 
able run- 



Required 
for irri- 
gation. 



3 

Excess 
and de- 
ficiency 
in water 
supply. 



In reser- 
voir at 
end of 
month. 



Overflow 
( + )or 
deficien- 
cy (-). 



6 

Diverted 
from 
West 
Fork. 



January... 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October... 
November. 
December. 



1909. 



The year. 



January 

February. . 

March 

April 

May , 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November. 
December. 



1910. 



The year. 



January... 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September . 
October... 
November. 
December. 



1911. 



The year . 



January... 
February. . 

March 

April 

M^y 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October... 
November. 
December . 



1912. 



8,200 
9,330 
a 10, 600 
a 17, 900 
b 31, 800 
b 33, 600 
b 20, 100 
b 12, 000 
b 10, 400 
a 7, 520 
a 32, 200 
a 40, 900 



235,000 



a 19, 100 

16,300 

37,200 

o 25, 500 

b 35, 800 

b 20, 000 

b 14, 100 

b 10, 700 

b 9, 600 

o 7, 910 

o 8, 590 

13,300 



218,000 



8,010 

6,980 

o7,650 

o 12, 700 

b 30, 500 

b 35, 800 

i'16,500 

&9,050 

6 9,090 

o 6, 530 

o7,570 



157,000 



15,600 
18,900 
10,700 
12,200 
38,500 
50,700 
25,000 
13,500 
12,500 
10,700 
12,400 
12,000 



Theyear 233,000 



14,400 
27, 000 
63,000 
57, 600 
18,000 



8,200 

9,330 

10,600 

17,900 

17, 400 

6,600 

-42, 900 

-45, 600 

- 7,600 

+ 7,520 

32,200 

40,900 



55,980 
65,310 
75,910 
93,810 
111,210 
117,810 
74, 910 
29,310 
21, 710 
29,230 
61, 430 
102,330 



4,800 
9,000 
21,000 
19,200 
6,000 



180,000 



60,000 



14,400 
27,000 
63,000 
57,600 
18,000 



19,100 
16,300 
37,200 
25, 500 
21, 400 

- 7,000 
-48, 900 
-46,900 

- 8, 400 
-f 7,910 

8,590 
13,300 



120,000 
120,000 
120, 000 
120, 000 
120, 000 
113, 000 
64, 100 
17,200 
8,800 
16, 710 
25,300 



+ 1,430 
+ 16,300 
+ 37,200 
+ 25,500 
+ 21,400 



4,800 
9,000 
21,000 
19,200 
6,000 



180,000 



-M01,830 



60,000 



14,400 
27,000 
63,000 
57, 600 
18,000 



8,010 

6,980 

7,650 

12,700 

16,100 

8,800 

-46,500 

-48,600 

- 8,910 

+ 6,530 

7,570 

6,260 



46,610 
53,590 
61,240 
73,940 
90,040 
98,840 
52,340 

3,740 


6,530 
14,100 
20,360 



5,170 



4,800 
9,000 
21,000 
19,200 
6,000 



180,000 



5,170 



60,000 



14,400 
27,000 
63,000 
57,600 
18,000 



15,600 

18,900 

10,700 

12,200 

26,100 

23,700 

-38,000 

-44, 100 

- 5,500 

-f-10, 700 

12,400 

12,000 



35,960 
54,860 
65,560 
77, 760 
103, 860 
120,000 
82,000 
37,900 
32,400 
43,100 
55,500 
67, 500 



+ 7,560 



9,000 
21,000 
19,200 

6,000 



180.000 



+ 7,660 



60,000 



o Sum of discharges at Big Marsh outlet. Crescent Lake outlet, and Odell Lake outlet. 

b Sum of discharges East Fork of Deschutes, Big Marsh outlet, and Crescent and Odell lakes. 



The results shown in columns 4 and 5 are depicted graphically in 
figure 6. In this diagram the values in column 4 are shown as a 



AVAILABILITY OF WATER SUPPLY. 



99 



coordinate with time, the resulting graph showing the fluctuation of 
stored water. When water is spilled, this fact is indicated by the 
extension of the graph above the 120,000 acre-foot line representing 
full reservoir. A new scale above this indicates the monthly sum- 
mation of loss over spillway during any period of excess. When the 
period of excess is over, the graph breaks and begins again at 120,000 
acre-feet. Similarly, the summations of deficiencies are plotted 



100 



100 




909 1910 1911 1912 



Figure 6.— Mass diagram showing possible manipulation of storage in connection with project on 

upper Deschutes River, 

below the zero of storage. During five of the eight years for which 
the discharge is plotted the reservoir would have overflowed and in 
three years deficiencies would have occurred. In two years the 
deficiencies would have been so slight as to be negligible, while in the 
third they would have Eimounted to 18 per cent of the yearly use. 
To have obviated this deficiency the storage capacity should have 
been increased by the amount of the deficiency — 32,400 acrc-fcct, or 



100 



DESCHUTES RIVER, OREGON. 



26 per cent of the assumed capacity of 120,000 acre-feet — and as this 
extra capacity could have been used only once in eight years, it is 
doubtful whether it would be economical to provide it. 



POSSIBLE USE BELOW BENHAM FALLS. 

The amoimt of water available for storage and diversion from 
Deschutes River in the vicinity of Benham Falls is assumed to be 
shown by the records at Benham Falls and West's ranch, supple- 
mented, when no other records on this section of the river are avail- 
able, by the summation of the records at Bend, and of the Central 
Oregon and Pilot Butte canals. The comparisons (p. 69) indicate 
some inflow between Benham Falls and Bend during the nonirrigating 
season, but this inflow would then be available for domestic supply. 
Some water from Tumalo Creek wiU find its way into the Deschutes 
if the feed canal for the Wimer or Tumalo reservoir, into which 
Tumalo Creek is to be diverted, is made somewhat smaller than the 
spring flood flow of the creek. The supplies from both sources are, 
however, too small and too uncertain to be counted upon, and the 
operation of the project has accordingly been figured on the basis of 
discharge at Benham Falls. 

The records of discharge at Benham Falls (pp. 25 to 26) show a mean 
annual discharge of 1,220,000 acre-feet, ranging from a minimum of 
1,080,000 acre-feet in the year October, 1910, to September, 1911, 
to a maximum of 1,410,000 acre-feet for the year October, 1904, to 
September, 1905. 

The areas of the suggested Benham Falls reservoir at different 
levels have been carefully measured and the capacities computed as 
shown in the following table and in figure 7. 

Table showing area and capacity of suggested Benham Falls reservoir, Deschutes River. 



Elevation 

above sea 

level. 


Depth 
of water. 


Area. 


Capacity 
of section. 


Total 
capacity. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


Acres. 


Acre-feet. 


Acre-feet. 


4,146 





65 








4,150 


4 


260 


650 


650 


4,155 


9 


1,370 


4,080 


4,730 


4,160 


14 


2,550 


9,800 


14,500 


4,165 


19 


4,370 


17,300 


31,800 


4,170 


24 


6,370 


26,900 


58,700 


4,175 


29 


8,670 


37,600 


96,300 


4,180 


34 


11,000 


49,000 


145,300 


4,185 


39 


12, 800 


59,300 


204,600 


4,190 


44 


15, 000 


69,400 


274,000 


4,195 


49 


16,800 


79,500 


353,500 


4,200 


54 


19,500 


90,800 


444,300 


4,205 


59 


22,200 


104,000 


548,000 


4,210 


64 


a 24, 900 


118,000 


666,000 




69 


27,800 


132,000 


798,000 



a Estimated from extension of curve of area. 



AVAILABILITY OF WATER SUPPLY. 



101 



In the study of the use of water stored in the suggested reservoir at 
Benham Falls, losses due to evaporation must be taken into account, 
as the reservoir is relatively broad and shallow. Strictly the mean 
area of water surface during any given month should be used in com- 
puting the loss for that month, but such refinement of method is 
apparently unnecessary in view of the many uncertainties involved 
in the whole record, especially in regard to depth of evaporation. 




100,000; .200,000 300,000 400,000 600,000 600,000 700,000 

Total capacity in acre-feet 
Figure 7.— Curves of area and capacity for suggested reservoir at Benham Falls. 

The assumptions as to the quantity of water to be used on the vari- 
ous tracts are indicated by the following table: 

Total assumed use of water in acre-feet, from suggested Benham Falls reservoir. 





Benham 
Falls 
tract. 


Central 
Oregon 
tract. 


Cline Falls tracts. 




Month. 


Use. 


Losses 
from river. 


Total. 


January 


3,500 

3,500 

3,500 

4,000 

26,400 

52,800 

66,400 

65,600 

26,400 

4,900 

3,500 

3,500 


4,000 

4,000 

4,000 

6,000 

33,000 

66,000 

83,000 

82,000 

33,000 

7,000 

4,000 

4,000 


6,000 

6,000 

6,000 

20,800 

42,900 

72, 800 

107,900 

106, 600 

39,000 

9,000 

6,000 

6,000 




13, 500 


February 




13, 500 


March . . 




13,500 


April 




30,800 


May 


6,000 
6,000 
6,000 
6,000 
6,000 


108,300 


June 


197, 600 


July 


263,300 


August 


260, 200 


September 


104, 400 


October . ... 


20, 900 


November 




13,500 


December.. . . . . 




13, 500 










264,000 


330,000 


429,000 


30,000 


1,053,000 



The results of a study of the probable manipulation of storage for 
the suggested Benham Falls reservoir, similar in general to that for 
the upper projects, are shown in the table on pages 103-104. Column 1 
gives the discharge at Benham Falls as modified by storage and diver- 
sion above. Column 2 shows the total quantity required for irrigation 
as given in detail in the table above. Column 3 gives the evapo- 



102 



DESCHUTES RIVEE; OREGON. 



ration losses, in feet, of depth and total loss in acre-feet for each 
month, using the area of water surface for the end of the previous 
month. It will be noted that during the summer months, when 
evaporation is greatest, the water in reservoir is falling. This method, 
therefore, tends to give results that are too high and accordingly err on 
the side of safety. Column 4 is the sum of columns 2 and 3. Column 
5 is the difference between the supply (column 1) and the total use 
(column 4). Column 6 gives the successive summation of the values 
in column 5, subject to the limitation of capacity of reservoir — 700,000 




Q 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 

Figure 8.— Mass diagram showing manipulation of storage in suggested reservoir at Benham Falls. 

acre-feet. Column 7 is the area corresponding to the capacity given 
in column 6. Column 8 shows the excess or deficiency as compared 
with the capacity — 700,000 acre-feet. 

The results shown in columns 7 and 8 are depicted graphically in 
figure 8, as were the results for the suggested project above Benham 
Falls (p. 99). The uniformity of recurrence of the rise and fall of stor- 
age level appears very remarkable when compared with similar dia- 
grams for other streams or even for the upper project on the same 
stream. 



AVAILABILITY OF WATER SUPPLY. 103 

Possible manipulation of storage at suggested reservoir at Benham Falls, 1905-1912. 



Month. 



Discharge 
as modi- 
fied by di- 
versions 
above. 



Required 
for irri- 
gation. 



3 

Evaporation. 



Depth. 



Total 
evapora- 
tion and 

use. 



Increase 
in volume 
of storage 



Quantity 
in reser- 
voir at 
end of 
month. 



Area 

of water 

surface 

at end 

of 
month. 



Overflow 
deficiency 



1905. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year . . 

1906. 



Acre-feet. 

132,600 

116,500 

124,600 

130,300 

114,800 

91,400 

83,800 

82,600 

93,900 

104,200 

97,800 

83,400 



Acre-feet. 

13,500 

13,500 

13,500 

30,800 

108,300 

197,600 

263,300 

260,200 

104,400 

20,900 

13, 500 

13,500 



Feet. 
0.0 
.0 
,1 
.2 
.4 
.4 
.5 
.6 
.5 
.2 
.1 
.0 



Acre-ft. 





2,400 

5,100 

10,200 

10,200 

11, 500 

10,700 

6,400 

2,400 

1,500 





Acre-feet. 

13,500 

13,500 

15,900 

35,900 

118, 500 

207,800 

274,800 

270,900 

110,800 

23,300 

15,000 

13,500 



Acre-feet. 

119, 100 

103,000 

108,700 

94,000 

3,700 

-116,400 

191,000 

188,300 

16,900 

80,900 

-1- 82,800 

+ 69,900 



Acre-feet. 

a 519, 100 
622, 100 
700,000 
700,000 
696,300 
579,900 
388,900 
200,600 
183,700 
264,600 
347,400 
417,300 



Acres. 
21,500 
23,900 
25,600 
25, 600 
25, 600 
23,000 
17,900 
12,800 
12,200 
14,700 
16,700 
18,700 



Acre-feet. 



+30,800 
+94,400 



1,255,900 



1,053,000 



2.9 



60,400 



1,113,400 



+ 142,500 



+ 125,200 



January — 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August — 
September. 
October... 
November. 
December. 



84,500 
78,200 
86,500 
96, 100 
85,300 
78,800 
69,700 
68,400 
77,800 
85,700 
84,700 
88,000 



13,500 

13,500 

13,500 

30,800 

108,300 

197,600 

263,300 

260,200 

104,400 

20,900 

13,500 

13,500 







2,200 

4,800 

10,200 

9,400 

10,800 

9,600 

4,900 

1,600 

1,100 





13,500 

13,500 

15,700 

35,600 

118,500 

207,000 

274, 100 

269,800 

109,300 

22,500 

14,600 

13,500 



71,000 
+ 64,700 
+ 70,800 
+ 60,500 

- 33,200 
-128,200 
-204,400 
-201,400 

- 31,500 
+ 63,200 
+ 70, iOO 
+ 74,500 



488,300 
553,000 
623,800 
684,300 
651, 100 
522,900 
318,500 
117, 100 
85,600 
148,800 
218,900 
293,400 



20,700 
22,300 
24,000 
25,300 
23,400 
21,600 
16,000 
9,800 
8,100 
11, 100 
13,400 
15,500 



The year . 
1907. 



983,700 



1,053,000 



January... 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August.... 
September. 
October... 
November. 
December. 



84,300 
101,000 
99,700 
111,400 
138,700 
114,000 
88,900 
88,200 
95,200 
100,500 
95,000 
102,300 



13,500 

13,500 

13,500 

30,800 

108,300 

197,600 

263,300 

260,200 

104,400 

20,900 

13, 500 

13,500 



The year . . 



1,219,200 



1,053,000 



January... 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August — 
September. 
October... 
November. 
December. 



96,900 
84,900 
93,000 
114,500 
115,800 
96,600 
85,700 
83,400 
90,200 
101,900 
93,300 
88,000 



13,500 

13,500 

13,500 

30,800 

108,300 

197,600 

263,300 

260,200 

104,400 

20,900 

13,500 

13,500 



The year . . 
1909. 



1,144,200 



1,053,000 



January.. 
February. 

March 

Ajpril 

MTay 

June 



102,800 
90,700 
95,900 
94, 100 
83,400 
74,400 



13,500 
13,500 
13,500 
30,800 
108,300 
197,000 



2.9 



54,600 



1,107,600 



-123,900 







2,000 

4,200 

9,500 

9,700 

11,000 

10, 100 

6,000 

2,300 

1,400 





13,500 

13,500 

15,500 

35,000 

117,800 

207,300 

274,300 

270,300 

110,400 

23,200 

14,900 

13,500 



+ 70,800 
+ 87,500 
+ 84,200 
+ 76,400 
+ 20,900 

- 93,300 
-185,400 
-182,100 

- 15,200 
+ 77,300 
+ 80,100 



364,200 
451,700 
535,900 
612,300 
633,200 
539,900 
354,500 
172,400 
157,200 
234,500 
314,600 
403,400 



2.9 



56,200 1,109,200 



+ 110,000 







2,200 

4,800 

10,200 

10,200 

11,600 

10,900 

6,500 

2,500 

1,500 





2.9 



60,400 





2,300 
5,000 
10,200 
10,000 



13,500 

13,500 

15,700 

35,600 

118,500 

207,800 

274,900 

271, 100 

110,900 

23,400 

15,000 

13,500 



+ 83,400 
+ 71,400 
+ 77,300 
+ 78,900 

- 2,700 
-111,200 
-189,200 
-187,700 

- 20,700 
+ 78,500 
+ 78,300 
+ 74,500 



558,200 
635,500 
700,000 
697,300 
586,100 
396,900 
209,200 
188,500 
207,000 
345,300 
419,800 



1,113,400 + 30,800 



13,500 
13,500 
15,800 
35,800 
118,500 
207,000 



+ 89,300 
+ 77,200 
+ 80,100 
+ 58,300 
- 35,100 
-133.200 



509, 100 
586,300 
666,400 
700,000 
664,900 
531,700 



17,100 
19,700 
21,900 
23,700 
24,200 
22,000 
16,800 
11,900 
11,400 
13,800 
15,900 
18,300 



20,600 
22,500 
24,200 
25,600 
25,600 
23,100 
18, 100 
13,000 
12,400 
14,800 
16,600 
18,800 



21,200 
23,200 
24,900 
25,600 
24.900 
21,800 



■14,400 



+ 14,400 



-24,700 



o Content of reservoir at beginning of month assumed as 400,000 acre-feet. 



104 DESCHUTES KIVER, OREGON. 

Possible manipulation of storage at suggested reservoir at Benham Falls, 1905-1912 — Con. 



Month. 



Discharge 
as modi- 
fled by di- 
versions 
above. 



1909. 

July 

August 

September 
October... 
November. 
December. 



The year . . 

1910. 

January 

February 

March 

AprU 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November ; 

December 

The year . . 

1911. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 



The year . 
1912. 



January... 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October. . . 
November. 
December. 



Acre-feet. 
67,300 
72,900 
84,000 
93,500 
98,800 
88, 100 



1,045,900 



86,400 
98,300 
139,000 
126,000 
112,800 
85,000 
73,900 
74,800 
83,700 
92,500 
90,100 
92,600 



1,155,100 



89,300 
78,500 
88,400 
90,700 
77,700 
67,200 
64,700 
66,600 
77,600 
87, 100 
84,500 
82,400 



954,700 



79,200 
80,800 
87,200 
92,400 
82,700 
85,900 
75,000 
81,300 
90,900 
97, 100 
94,000 
90,200 



The year.. 1,036,700 1,053,000 



Required 
for irri- 
gation. 



Acre-feet. 

263,300 

260,200 

104,400 

20,900 

13,500 

13,500 



1,053,000 



13,500 

13,500 

13,500 

30,800 

108,300 

197,600 

263,300 

260,200 

104,400 

20,900 

13,500 

13,500 



1,053,000 



13,500 

13,500 

13,500 

30,800 

108,300 

197,600 

263,300 

260,200 

104,400 

20,900 

13,500 

13,500 



1,053,000 



13,500 

13,500 

13,500 

30,800 

108,300 

197,600 

263,300 

260,200 

104,400 

20,900 

13,500 

13,500 



3 

Evaporation. 



Depth. 



Feet. 
0.5 
.6 
.5 
.2 
.1 
.0 



2.9 



2.9 



2.9 



Acre-ft. 
10,900 
9,700 
5,100 
1,800 
1,200 




Acre-feet. 
274,200 
269,900 
109,500 
22,700 
14,700 
13,500 



56,200 







2,100 

4,700 

10,200 

10,200 

11,900 

10,400 

6,000 

2,200 

1,300 





59,000 





2,100 
4,600 
9,700 
9,400 
10,000 
8,600 
2,800 
600 



48,600 







1,700 

3,800 

8,200 

7,900 

8,200 

6,400 







Total 
evapora- 
tion and 



Increase 
in volume 
of storage, 



Acre-feet. 
-206,900 
-197,000 
- 25,500 
+ 70,800 
+ 84,100 
-H 74,600 



1,109,200 



13,500 

13,500 

15,600 

35,500 

118,500 

207,800 

275,200 

270,600 

110,400 

23, 100 

14,800 

13,500 



1,112,000 



13,500 

13,500 

15,600 

35,400 

118,000 

207,000 

273,300 

268,800 

107,200 

21,500 

14,300 

13,500 



1,101,600 



13,500 

13,500 

15,200 

34,600 

116,500 

205,500 

271,500 

266,600 

104,400 

20,900 

14,300 

13,500 



37,000 1,090,000 



63,300 



-I- 72,900 
-H 84,800 
-i- 123, 400 
+ 90,500 

- 5,700 
-122,800 
-201,300 
-195,800 

- 26,700 
+ 69,400 
+ 75,300 
+ 79,100 



-f 43, 100 



+ 75,800 
+ 65,000 
+ 72,800 
+ 55,300 

- 40,300 
-139,800 
-208,600 
-202,200 

- 29,600 
+ 65,600 
+ 70,200 
+ 68,900 



-146,900 



+ 65, 
+ 67, 
+ 72, 
+ 67, 

- 33, 
119, 

-196, 
-185, 

- 13, 
+ 76, 
-1- 79, 
+ 76, 



Quantity 
in reser- 
voir at 
end of 
month. 



Area 
of water 
surface 
at end 

of 
month, 



Acre-feet. 
324,800 
127,800 
102,300 
173, 100 
257,200 
331,800 



404, 
489, 
612, 
700, 
694, 
571, 
370, 
174, 
147, 
217, 
292, 
371, 



447,300 

512,300 

585, 100 

640,400 

600,100 

460,300 

251,700 

49,500 

19,900 

+ 85,500 

155,700 

224,600 



290,300 

357,600 

429,600 

487,400 

453,600 

334,000 

137,500 





76,200 

155,900 

232,600 



-61,300 -61,300 



Acres. 
16, 100 
10,200 
9,000 
11,900 
14,500 
16,300 



18,300 
20,700 
23,700 
25,600 
25,500 
22,800 
17,300 
11,900 
11, 100 
13,300 
15,400 
17,300 



19,600 

21,300 

23,100 

24,300 

23,400 

19,900 

14,300 

5,700 

3,100 

8,100 

11,300 

13,500 



15,400 

16,900 

19, 100 

20,600 

19,700 

16,400 

10,700 





7,500 

11,400 

13,800 



In only one year out of eight would an appreciable amount of 
water have been spilled, namely, in 1905, and in only one year, 1912, 
would there have been a deficiency, the excess shown amounting 
to 12 per cent and the deficiency to 6 per cent of the total yearly use. 



AVAILABILITY OF WATER SUPPLY. 



105 



The reservoir would have filled to within 10 per cent of its total 
capacity every year except 1912. 

The reduction of the reservoir capacity to 600,000 acre-feet would 
have caused a deficiency in 1911 of about 80,000 acre-feet, or 8 per 
cent, and would have increased that of 1912 to 161,000, or 15 per 
cent. The additional cost of raising the dam 4 feet would probably 
not be great enough to make it worth while to save in storage capacity. 

POSSIBLE USE FROM TUMALO CREEK. 

The lands that can be watered most economically from Tumalo 
Creek are those embraced in the segregation which was formerly 
being developed by the Columbia Southern Irrigation Co. under the 
Carey Act and which has generally been referred to as the Columbia 
Southern project. This project has recently (1913) been taken over 
by the State and its name changed to the Tumalo project. 

The essential features of the Tumalo project involve a reservoir 
(the Wimer) in a basin immediately adjoining the irrigable lands. 
Into this basin the waters of Tumalo Creek are diverted by a feed 
canal about 7 miles long. Thus the layout of the project differs 
materially from that of projects on the upper Deschutes, where the 
suggested reservoirs are above the main project canal and the water 
must be applied to the land directly from the canal, the capacity of 
which must equal the maximum demand. On Tumalo Creek the 
economical capacity of the canal is determined by the regimen of the 
unregulated flow of the stream. 

In connection with a study of the stream made to ascertain the 
probable extent of economical development, the following table has 
been prepared, showing the number of days on which the flow of the 
creek fell below certain discharges. 

Discharge deficiency of Tumalo Creek near Laidlaw, Oreg. 



Discharge 
(second- 
feet). 


Days of deficient dis- 
charge October to 
September. 


Discharge 
(second- 
feet). 


Days of deficient dis- 
charge October to 
September. 


1908- 
09 


1909- 
10 


1910- 
11 


1911- 
12 


1908- 
09 


1909- 
10 


1910- 
11 


1911- 
12 


65 

70 

75 

80 

90 

100 

110 

120 


16 
20 
35 
121 

208 
259 
271 

278 


6 

11 

11 

80 

119 

140 

176 

217 


49 
83 
116 
145 
204 
237 
254 
274 


88 
112 
144 
190 
233 
261 
271 
277 


140 

160 

180 

200 

220 

240 

260 

280 


290 
308 
317 
329 
334 
341 
352 
357 


239 
269 
293 
314 
329 
340 
351 
354 


308 
315 
326 
332 
335 
338 
348 
353 


284 
292 
304 
322 
332 
332 
339 
347 



Note.— The maximum discharge for 1908-9 was 440 second-feet; for 1909-10 it was estimated at 1,940 
second-feet; for 1910-11 it was 396 second-feet; and for 1911-12 it was 468 second-feet. 

The table indicates that for the three years of lowest flow — 1908-9, 
1910-11, and 1911-12 — a canal with a capacity of 120 second-feet 
would have been fuU on an average of 89 days and the discharge 
would have been deficient for 276 days, and a canal of 200 second- 



106 



DESCHUTES BIVEK, OREGON. 



foot capacity would have run full for only 37 days. An increase of 
1 second-foot of capacity would have delivered an additional 73 
acre-feet annually. A 300 second-foot canal would have been full 
only six days in 1911, 11 days in 1912, and five days in 1909, an aver- 
age for the three years of seven days. The economical capacity 
of the canal would seem to be considerably less than 300 second- 
feet and Httle if any over 200. The storage requirements for the 
project have therefore been figured on the basis of a 200 second-foot 
capacity for diversion canal. 

The monthly discharge of Tumalo Creek is shown on pages 38 to 41, 
and the results of the study of storage manipulation appear in the 
following table: 

Possible manipulation of suggested storage reservoir obtaining water from Tumalo Creek. 

[Quantities in acre-feet.] 



Month. 


Total 
run-ofi. 


Lost on 
account 
of limited 
capacity 
of diver- 
sion 
canal. 


Run-ofE 
available 
for diver- 
sion. 


Required 
for irriga- 
tion. 


Increase 
in vol- 
ume of 

storage. 


In reser- 
voir at 
end of 
month. 


Overflow. 


1906. 
January . 
































March. 
















April 
















May 15-31 ... 


7,350 
14,500 
12,900 
5,040 
4,910 
6,270 
14,400 
8,920 


1,340 

3,330 

3,340 





73 

4,190 

1,120 


6,010 
11,200 
9,560 
5,040 
4,910 
6,200 
10,200 
7,800 







30,000 
28,600 
21,460 
9,660 
7,170 
10,570 
20,770 
28,570 




June 


12,600 
16,800 
16,800 
8,400 
2,800 


- 1,400 

- 7,140 
-11,800 

- 2,490 
+ 3,400 

10,200 
7,800 




Julv 








September 




October 




November 




December 












The year 


74,300 


13,400 


60,900 




-22,830 














1907. 


7,380 

11,400 

9,280 

8,390 

16,700 

18,600 

16,300 

6,890 

5,860 

5,470 

4,430 

5,290 




1,120 





4,610 

7,210 

4,190 












7,380 
10,300 
9,280 
8,390 
12,100 
11,400 
12, 100 
6,890 
5,860 
5,470 
4,430 
5,290 




7,380 
10,300 
9,280 
2,790 
2,300 

- 1,200 

- 4,700 

- 9,910 

- 2,540 
-t- 2,670 

4,430 
5,290 


30,000 
30,000 
30,000 
30,000 
30,000 
28,800 
24, 100 
14, 190 
11,650 
14,320 
18,750 
24,040 


5,950 
10, 300 


February 




March 




9,280 


April 


5,600 
9,800 
12,600 
16,800 
16,800 
8,400 
2,800 


2,790 


May 


2,300 


June 




July 




August 




Septemoer 




October 








December . . . 












The year .... 


116,000 


17,100 


98,900 


72,800 


/-18,350 
\+53,450 


].. . . 


30, 620 




} 




1908. 


5,540 
5,630 
5,440 
7,560 
9,590 
17,000 
16,200 
5,540 
5,000 
5,820 
4,760 
4,290 







5,330 
4,670 







5,540 
5,630 
5,440 
7,560 
9,590 
11,700 
11,500 
5,540 
6,000 
5,820 
4,760 
4,290 




5,540 
5,630 
5,440 
1,960 

- 210 

- 900 

- 5,300 
-11,300 

- 3,400 
+ 3,020 

4,760 
4,290 


29,580 
30,000 
30,000 
30,000 
29,790 
28,890 
23,590 
12,290 
8,890 
11,910 
16,670 
20,960 




February 




5,110 


March 




5,440 


Anril. . 


5,600 
9,800 
12,600 
16,800 
16,800 
8,400 
2,800 


1,960 


MAy:::::::::::;:;:::::::::::::: 








July 








September 




October 




November 




December 












The year 


92,400 


10,000 


82,400 


72,800 


/-21,110 
\+30,960 


\ 


12,610 




r 





AVAILABILITY OF WATER SUPPLY. 



107 



Possible manipulation of suggested storage reservoir obtaining water from Tumalo Creek- 

Continued. 



Month. 



Total 
run-off. 



Lost on 
account 
of limited 
capacity 
of diver- 
sion 
canal. 



Run-ofE 
available 
for diver- 
sion. 



Required 
for irriga- 
tion. 



Increase 
in vol- 
ume of 

storage. 



In reser- 
voir at 
end of 
month. 



Overflow. 



1909. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

Jime 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year . . . 

1910. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

M:ay 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year . . . 

1911. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year... 

1912. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year . . . 



4,840 
4,290 
4,670 
5,420 
10,400 
15,800 
9,350 
5,580 
4,960 
4,890 
14,300 
10,900 



95,400 



7,070 
5,410 
9,100 
11,200 
12, 100 
9,580 
6,330 
4,860 
4,760 
5,680 
5,180 
6,820 



88,100 



5,060 
5,040 
3,870 
5,670 
8,240 
15,900 
8,610 
4,430 
4,040 
4,000 
3,690 
4,300 



72,800 



5,650 
4,940 
4,140 
4,510 
10, 100 
17,500 
10,700 
6,100 
5,370 
4,510 
3,990 
5,610 



83, 100 











428 

3,900 

89 







6,440 

962 



4,840 
4,290 
4,670 
5,420 
10,000 
11,900 
9,260 
5,580 
4,960 



),940 



5,600 
9,800 
12,600 
16,800 
16,800 
8,400 
2,800 



4,840 
4,290 
4,670 

- 180 
+ 200 

- 700 

- 7,540 
-11,200 

- 3,400 
+ 2,090 

7,860 
9,940 



25,800 
30,000 
30,000 
29,820 
30,000 
29,300 
21,760 
10,560 
7,120 
9,210 
17,070 
27,010 



11,800 



83,600 



72,800 



- 180 
-22,880 
+25,870 
+ 200 







323 



712 

296 















7,070 
5,410 
8,780 
11,200 
11,400 
9,190 
6,330 
4,860 
4,760 
5,680 
5,180 
6,820 



5,600 
9,800 
12,600 
16,800 
16,800 
8,400 
2,800 



7,070 
5,410 
8,780 
5,600 
1,600 

- 3,310 
-10,500 
-11,900 

- 3,640 
+ 2,880 

5,180 
6,820 



30,000 

30,000 

30,000 

30,000 

30,000 

26, 690 

16, 190 

4,290 

650 

3,530 

8,710 

15,530 



72,800 



/+48,350 
\-29,350 








87 
4,220 
222 








5,060 
5,040 
3,870 
5,670 
8,150 
11,700 
8,390 
4,430 
4,040 
4,000 
3,690 
4,300 



5,600 
9,800 
12,600 
16,800 
16,800 
8,400 
2,800 



5,060 

5,040 

3,870 

70 

- 1,650 

- 900 

- 8,4M) 
-12,400 

- 4,360 
+ 1,200 

3,690 
4,300 



20,590 

25,630 

29,500 

29,570 

27,920 

27,020 

18,610 

6,210 

1,850 

3,050 

6,740 

11,040 



4,530 



68,300 



72,800 



/+28,920 
\-27,720 











726 

5,630 

329 

87 







18 



5,650 
4,940 
4,140 
4,510 
9,370 
11,900 
10,400 
6,010 
5,370 
4,510 
3,990 
5,590 



5,600 
9,800 
12,600 
16,800 
16,800 
8,400 
2,800 



5,650 
4,940 
4,140 

- 1,110 

- 430 

- 700 

- 6,400 
-10,000 

- 3,030 
+ 1,710 
+ 3,990 

5,590 



16,690 
21,630 
25,770 
24, 660 
24, 230 
23,530 
17, 130 
7,130 
4,100 
5,810 
8,800 
12,390 



,790 



76,400 



72,800 



j+23,920 
\-21,670 



90 

4,670 



20 



4,780 



4,080 
5,410 
8,780 
5,600 
1,600 



25,470 



The capacity of the reservoir has been assumed as 30,000 acre- 
feet. This with a 200 second-foot canal will suffice to irrigate 28,000 



108 



DESCHUTES RIVER, OREGON. 



acres. The greatest amount necessarily drawn from storage for a 
28,000-acre project would have been 29,300 acre-feet in 1910, or 
about 1 acre-foot per acre irrigated. There would have been a con- 
siderable surplus of water every year except 1911 and 1912, but to 
have carried this water from a wet to a dry year would have necessi- 
tated the development of additional storage equivalent to the draft 
for two or three years, which is probably out of the question on ac- 
count of the cost. 

The table showing manipulation of storage for this project differs 
only in details from the tables for Deschutes River. The duty of 
water has been assumed at practically the same values as have been 
used by the State engineer. The contracts under the Carey Act have 
called for the delivery of a quantity of water equal to a depth of about 
1.8 feet on the land between April 15 and October 15. Assuming a 
loss of 30 per cent in distributing system — an assumption probably 
safe — the total diversion must be 2.6 acre-feet per acre or 72,800 
acre-feet for the project. It is assumed that the water will be distrib- 
uted throughout the growing season as follows: 



Distribution of water from Tumalo ^project. 



Month. 



Depth. 



Total 
diversion. 



April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 
October... 



Feet. 
0.2 
.35 
.45 



icre-feet. 
5,600 
9,800 
12,600 
16,800 
16,800 
8,400 
2,800 



72,800 



Gains to the water supply would result from (1) inflow below the 
upper station and point of diversion of feed canal at certain times in 
early spring, (2) inflow to reservoir from a spring tributary to Bull 
Creek, (3) inflow to reservoir from tributary area, and (4) precipita- 
tion on reservoir. There would be losses due to seepage from feed 
canal, to obstruction of feed canal by ice, and to evaporation from 
reservoir. 

IRRIGATION FROM CROOKED RIVER. 

The average run-off of Crooked River measured at the Prineville 
station above Ochoco Creek from 1908 to 1912 was 269,000 acre-feet. 
Storage may be provided by constructing a reservoir at the forks of 
the river, 12 miles above Post. Records at this point from 1908 to 
1911 indicate that nearly the entire flow can be controlled, as the 
average discharge during winter and spring is 92 per cent of that at 
Prineville station, but the period covered is too short to give assur- 
ance that the records show extremes of flow, or that they even give a 
correct mean. The records have therefore been compared with 



AVAILABILITY OF WATER SUPPLY. 109 

those of John Day River at McDonald, and the means of monthly 
ratios have been used to extend the Crooked River record back to 1906. 
The lands around Madras and the Agency Plains can be reached 
from Crooked River, but probably at a considerably greater cost 
than from Deschutes River. The land available for irrigation in the 
immediate valley of Crooked River, estimated at 50,000 acres, will 
require 150,000 acre-feet of water, or about two-thirds of the availa- 
ble flow. The other third can be used to reinforce the flow of lower 
Deschutes River during low periods for power development. The 
full utilization of Crooked River is therefore considered in connection 
with power development from the Deschutes. (See p. 117.) 

POSSIBLE USE OF WATER FOR POWER DEVELOPMENT. 
CONDITIONS OF STUDY. 

The utilization of Deschutes River for power development has 
been studied for three assumed conditions: 

1. For the use of the natural minimum discharge, the basis being 
the lowest recorded weekly flow, corrected for diversion if necessary. 

2. For maximum storage at Benham Falls operated for power 
alone. 

3. For discharge as affected by storage and irrigation on the Des- 
chutes augmented by storage on Crooked River. 

The first assumption is made chiefly for purposes of comparing 
the Deschutes with other streams for which power studies have been 
made on this basis, and gives results far in excess of those obtainable 
when projects on the upper Deschutes are developed, even if all 
water from the upper river is not stored and used for irrigation. 

The second assumption departs even more than the first from 
probable future conditions and is presented chiefly to compare the 
utility of the stream for irrigation and for power. The third assump- 
tion involves the maximum development of irrigation and the 
utilization of return waters as already outlined. 

MINIMUM NATURAL FLOW AVAILABLE FOR POWER. 

The average minimum discharge at Benham Falls, as determined 
from a record covering seven years, is 1,330 second-feet and occurs in 
the winter. 

The minimum weekly discharge in the period covered by records 
occurred in the first week in January, 1912. The discharge at 
Benham Falls, 1,180 second-feet, was unaffected by diversions. No 
records were being kept on Tumalo Creek at the time, but it is esti- 
mated to have been carrying 60 second-feet. The flow of Squaw 
Creek, which was affected by ice, is estimated at 50 second-feet. 

These discharges have been added to that of Deschutes River at 
Benham Falls to give the probable minimum below the two tribu- 
taries. No allowance has been made for the apparent gain between 



110 



DESCHUTES EIVER, OREGOl^. 



Bend and Laidlaw or for the possible loss between Laidlaw and 
Cline Falls, for both are questionable, and it is assumed that the 
probable method of development of this power — by diversion in a 
concrete-lined canal — would practically eliminate seepage losses. 

The Deschutes probably receives little inflow between White 
River and the mouth, therefore, the Moody station gives the dis- 
charge in this whole section. The Mecca station shows the discharge 
through the section between Shitike Creek and Warm Springs River, 
and it has been assumed that by subtracting the discharge of Shitike 
Creek, it shows the discharge between that stream and the Metolius, 
Comparison of the records at Mecca and Moody shows a larger inflow 
than can be accounted for in Warm Springs and White rivers, the 
excess amounting to 300 or 400 second-feet at low water and con- 
siderably more during the winter and early spring. The permanent 
flow comes from springs; the intermittent flow is derived from rains 
and melting snows on the intervening area. 

The lowest weekly flow on the lower river, as observed at Moody, 
was 4,080 second-feet January 2-8, 1912. At Mecca it was lowest 
January 4-10, 1912, the mean for the week being 3,550 second-feet, but 
there was a flow of only 3,300 second-feet for the three days, January 
6-8, 1912. No records were being kept on Warm Spring River, and 
the gage heights on White River were evidently affected by ice; the 
flow of these streams can be estimated at 250 and 150 second-feet, 
respectively, for the lowest week, with a fair degree of certainty. 
The unmeasured inflow of about 400 second-feet, assumed to come 
in equally at these two points (p. 116) brings the total inflow between 
Mecca and Moody to 750 second-feet. The minima at these two 
points have been adjusted to 3,350 and 4,100 second-feet, respec- 
tively, or just a little greater than the absolute minimum at both 
points, but considerably lower than that during the lowest week at 
Mecca. 

The minimum flow available for power development at various 
points is shown in the following table: 

Minimum natural flow available for power at points in Deschutes River basin. 



stream and location. 


Section 
No. 


Distance 
above 
mouth. 


Eleva- 
tion. 


Distance 
between 
points. 


Fall 

between 
points. 


Fall per 
mile. 


Minimum 
discharge. 


Deschutes River: 

Benham Falls 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 


Miles. 
181 
160 
123 
111 
97 
84 
46 


41 
36 
29 
18 
8 



Feet. 
4,145 
3,240 
2,105 
1,555 
1,360 
1,230 
750 
131 

2,980 
2,860 
2,646 
2,205 
1,780 
1,556 


Miles. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


Sec.-ft. 
1,180 


Tumalo Creek 


21 
37 
12 
14 
13 
38 
46 


905 
1,135 
550 
195 
130 
480 
619 


43 
31 
46 
14 
10 
13 
13 


1,240 


Squaw Creek 


1,290 
3,290 
3,350 
3,780 
4,100 
4,100 


Metolius River 


Shitike Creek 


Warm Springs River 

White River 


Mouth 


Metolius River: 

Head 


100 


Jacks Creek. 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 


5 
7 
11 
10 

8 


120 
214 

441 
425 
224 


24 
31 
40 
42 
28 


600 




1,000 
1,170 


Whitewater Creek 


Rlggs ranch 


1,330 


Mouth 


1,330 







AVAILABILITY OF WATER SUPPLY. 



Ill 



THEORETICAL HORSEPOWER. 

The following tables give the theoretical horsepower per foot fall 
that may be developed at different rates of discharge, and show the 
number of days on which the discharge and corresponding horsepower 
were respectively less than the amounts given in the columns for dis- 
charge and horsepower. In using these tables allowance should be 
made for the various losses, the principal ones being the wheel loss, 
which may be as large as 20 per cent, and the head loss, which may 
be as large as 5 per cent. 

Discharge and horsepower, Deschutes River at Allen's ranch, near Lava, Oreg. 



Gage 
heights 
(feet). 


Dis- 
charge 
(second- 
feet). 


Theo- 
retical 
horse- 
power 
per foot 
fall. 


Days of deficient discharge. 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


5.0 
5.2 
5.4 
5.6 
5.8 
6.0 


106 
125 
147 
173 
205 


10 
12 
14 
17 
20 
23 


5 
112 
156 

174 
179 
184 



34 
86 
132 
149 
164 












18 

73 

143 

203 

256 



2 

4 
59 
105 



23 

64 
118 
167 




3 

51 

132 

181 




10 

79 

127 

151 



and horsepower table for Deschutes River at Benham Falls, Oreg., 1905-1912. 
12 months period, May to April. 



Dis- 
charge 
(second- 
feet). 


Theo- 
retical 
horse- 
power 
per foot 
fall. 


Days of deficient discharge. 


1905-6 


1906-7 


1907-8 


1908-9 


1909-10 


1910-11 


1911-12 


1,100 
1,200 
1,300 
1,400 
1,500 
1,600 
1,700 


125 
136 
148 
159 
171 
182 
193 


1 
3 

26 
131 
163 
178 
264 












2 

3 

16 

132 

259 


1 

14 
116 
187 
209 
245 


i" 

16 
41 
99 
148 


1 

3 

13 

37 

127 

210 


3" 

38 
159 
211 


1 

3 

50 

165 

247 

304 



Irrigating season, May to September. 



1,100 
1,200 
1,300 
1,400 
1,500 
1,600 
1,700 


125 
136 
148 
159 
171 
182 
193 






























1 
8 
52 





27 
70 
84 
110 











37 
81 
86 
126 










15 
66 
96 


6'" 




8 
47 




80 
99 





Nonirrigating season, October to April. 






1,100 
1,200 


125 
136 


1 
3 












2 
3 


1 




1 




1 


1,300 


148 


26 


14 


1 


3 




3 


16 


1,400 


159 


131 


89 


16 


13 


3 


50 


95 


1,500 


171 


162 


117 


46 


37 


38 


150 


178 


1,600 


182 


170 


125 


99 


119 


79 


181 




1,700 


193 


212 


136 


148 


163 


112 


212 





112 



DESCHUTES EIVER^ OBEGON. 



Discharge and horsepower table for Deschutes River at Moro and Moody, Oreg., 1897-1899^ 

1906-1912. 

Nonirrigating season, October to April. 



Gage 
heights 
(feet). 


Dis- 
charge 
(sec- 
ond- 
feet). 


Theo- 
reti- 
cal 
horse- 
power 

foot 
fall. 


Days of deficient discharge. 


Moro. 


Moody. 


1897-98 


1898-99 


1899- 
1900 


1906-7 


1907-8 


1908-9 


1909-10 


1910-11 


1911-12 


Mean. 


1.9 
2.0 
2.1 
2.2 
2.3 
2.4 
2.5 
2.6 
2.8 
3.0 
3.2 
3.4 


4,080 
4,320 
4,560 
4,820 
5,080 
5,360 
5,660 
5,980 
6,680 
7,420 
8,200 
9,000 


464 
491 
518 
548 
577 
609 
643 
680 
759 
843 
932 
1,020 


6' 

77 
133 
172 
198 



9 
15 
28 
46 
89 
98 
106 
114 
139 
160 
171 















3 
3 
4 

24 
61 
84 
95 
104 
133 
145 
164 




1 

2 

4 

8 

27 

39 

59 

93 

122 

150 






































6' 

5 
26 
56 



36 
37 
51 
85 
102 
119 
131 


6' 

55 
124 
132 
158 
182 



23 
45 
100 
125 
143 
165 
168 



32 
33 
49 
75 
81 
141 



36 
55 

85 
131 
187 
196 
198 



Period May to April. 



1.9 
2.0 
2.1 
2.2 
2.3 
2.4 
2.5 
2.6 
2.8 
3.0 
3.2 
3.4 


4,080 
4,320 
4,560 
4,820 
5,080 
5,360 
5,660 
5,980 
6,680 
7,420 
8,200 
9,000 


464 
491 
518 
548 
577 
609 
643 
680 
759 
843 
932 
1,020 




22 

64 

81 

84 

182 

276 

325 

351 




9 

15 

28 

68 

153 

179 

190 

219 

282 

313 

324 
















3 

3 

4 

70 

141 

170 

190 

217 

285 

298 

317 




1 

2 

4 

8 

27 

39 

59 

93 

122 

150 








































8 
52 
118 



101 
166 





127 
209 
242 
281 
321 



46 
110 
182 
239 
286 
315 
321 



27 
114 
128 
163 
211 
233 
294 



111 
143 











Irrigating season, May to September. 



2.2 
2.3 
2.4 
2.5 
2.6 
2.8 
3.0 
3.2 
3.4 


4,820 
5,080 
5,360 
5,660 
5,980 
6,680 
7,420 
8,200 
9,000 


548 
577 
609 
643 
680 
759 
843 
932 
1,020 



22 
64 
81 
84 
105 
143 
153 
153 



3 

26 
62 
73 
82 



65 
129 




72 
85 
110 
123 
139 



23 
65 
82 
114 
143 
150 
153 



27 
82 
95 
114 
136 
152 
153 




75 

88 



46 
80 
86 
95 
113 
152 
153 
153 





















































Discharge and horsepower table for Metolius River near Sisters, Oreg., 1909-1911. 



Gage 
height 
(feet). 


Dis- 
charge 
(sec- 
ond- 
(feet). 


Theo- 
retical 
horse- 
power 
per foot 
fall. 


Days of deficient dis- 
charge. 


1909 


1910 


1911 


0.5 
.6 

.7 
.8 


1,410 
1,490 
1,570 
1,650 


160 
169 

178 
188 



55 
116 
203 



21 

110 
210 




68 
227 
302 



AVAILABILITY OF WATER SUPPLY. 



113 



Discharge and horsepower table for East Fork of Deschutes River near Crescent, Oreg. 

1905-1911. 



Dis- 
charge 
(sec- 
ond- 
feet). 


Theo- 
retical 
horse- 
power 
per foot 
fall. 


Days of deficient discharge. 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1910-lla 


10 
20 
30 
40 
50 
60 


1.1 
2.3 
3.4 
4.5 
5.7 
6.8 



15 
98 
160 
174 
186 









1 

79 
138 
156 






6 

72 
131 
145 



102 
163 
193 



a October to September. 
WATER STORED AT BENHAM FALLS. 

The water supply of Deschutes River available for power could 
be materially augmented by storage at Benham Falls operated to 
regulate the discharge for that purpose, especially that part of 
the discharge of the upper part of the river nearest the suggested 
reservoir. The discharge that could be maintained and the amount 
of storage required can best be studied by the aid of a mass curve 
or vector diagram, Plate VII, which shows that with respect to the 
vector line representing a discharge of 1,670 second-feet — the mean 
for the eight years — the mass was increasing up to June 30, 1910, 
then decreasing until April 30, 1912. The ordinate from the vector 
line drawn through the point for the later date to the point on the 
graph for June 30, 1910, is equal to 249,000 acre-feet. The point on 
the graph for April 30, 1912, is 31,600 acre-feet below this vector line. 
Therefore the draft from storage between these dates would equal 
281,000 acre-feet — the capacity required to maintain a constant dis- 
charge of 1,670 second-feet. Therefore the quantity of water which 
may be made available for power above Tumalo Creek by the sug- 
gested reservoir at Benham Falls is estimated at 1,670 second-feet 
and the other discharges for stretches lower down have been increased 
to 1,670 second-feet or 490 second-feet over the minimum. 



EFFECT OF FUTURE DIVERSION. 

The substantially complete control of the discharge of Deschutes 
River, Tumalo Creek, and Crooked River for irrigation would practi- 
cally remove contribution of discharge from the drainage area of these 
three streams above the points of diversion. Water from aU three 
wiU, of course, reach the lower river, but this overflow will always 
come when the flow is materially above the minimum, and therefore 
win not appreciably affect the low-water discharge. The effect of 
future diversions on the regimen of the lower river is indicated by the 
48348°— wsp 344—14 8 



114 



DESCHUTES EIVER, OREGON. 



following table, which shows the observed discharge at Moody, the 
correction which must be applied to reduce that discharge to the 
flow that would have occurred had there been no irrigation, the 
resulting natural flow, and the discharge under future conditions. 
The probable effect of future diversions as indicated in the table is 
the difference between the observed discharge at the points of diver- 
sion or storage and the estimated return waters, 620 second-feet, and 
is always negative, the observed discharge being greater than the 
return waters. 

Effect of future irrigation on discharge {in second-feet) of Deschutes River at Moody. 



Month. 



1906. 

July ; 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1907. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year 

1908. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year 

1909 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year 



Observed 
discharge 

at 
Moody, 



5,800 
5,360 
5,080 
5,180 
7,290 
6,720 



6,720 
13,900 
9,590 
11,900 
8,950 
7,250 
6,230 
5,670 
5,660 
5,660 
5,980 
8,720 



7,970 



7,420 
6,110 
8,600 
8,510 
7,340 
6,500 
6,000 
5,400 
5,300 
5,300 
5,970 
5,710 



5,530 



7,470 
7,180 
7,520 
8,390 
7,040 
6,760 
5,580 
5,260 
5,360 
5,540 
9,380 
8,710 



7,010 



Correc- 
tion for 
past 
diver- 
sions. 



+318 
+280 
+270 
+252 
+ 7 
+ 43 



- 41 
+ 14 
+ 61 
+158 
+273 
+368 
+308 
+330 
+237 
+206 
+ 88 
+ 11 



- 31 

- 41 
+ 2 
+144 
+238 
+336 
+451 
+407 
+320 
+243 

- 4 

- 36 



- 81 

- 31 
+ 34 
+170 
+352 
+399 
+314 
+399 
+284 
+190 

- 55 

- 81 



Natural 

dis- 
charge. 



6,120 
5,640 
5,350 
5,430 
7,300 
6,760 



6,680 
13,900 
9,650 
12, 100 
9,220 
7,620 
6,540 
5,000 
5,900 
5,870 
6,070 
8,730 



7,390 
6,070 
8,600 
8,650 
7,580 
6,840 
6,450 
5,810 
5,620 
5,540 
5,970 
5,670 



7,390 
7,150 
7,550 
8,560 
7,390 
7,160 
5,890 
5,660 
5,640 
5,730 
9,320 
8,630 



Correc- 
tion for 
futiu-e 
diver- 
sions. 



•1,190 

■ 900 

■ 870 

■ 850 
-1,140 
•1.110 



-1,160 
-4,300 
-3,050 
-3,540 
-2,640 
-2,110 
-1,710 
-1,390 
-1,290 
-1,160 
-1> 160 
-1,400 



-1,330 
-1,130 
-1,880 
-2,340 
-1,820 
-1, 720 
-1,570 
-1,170 
-1,110 
-1,200 
-1,120 
- 960 



-1,300 
-1,270 
-1,720 
-2, 140 
-1,620 
-1,500 
-1,170 
-1,030 
-1,020 
-1,000 
-2,090 
-1,700 



Discharge 
under 
future 
condi- 
tions. 



4,930 
4,740 
4,480 
4,580 
6,160 
5,650 



5,520 
9,600 
6,600 
8,560 
6,580 
5,510 
4,830 
4,610 
4,610 
4,710 
4,910 
7,330 



6,060 
4,940 
6,720 
6,310 
5,760 
5,120 
4,880 
4,640 
4,510 
4,340 
4,850 
4,710 



6,090 

5,880 
5,830 
6,420 
5,770 
5,660 
4,720 
4,630 
4,620 
4,730 
7,230 



AVAILABILITY OF WATER SUPPLY. 115 

Effect of future irrigation on discharge {in second-feet) of Deschutes River at Moody — Con. 



Month. 



Observed 
discharge 

at 
Moody. 


Correc- 




Correc- 


Discharge 


tion for 


Natural 


tion for 


under 


past 
diver- 


dis- 


future 


future 


charge. 


diver- 


condi- 


sions. 




sions. 


tions. 


9,420 


- 61 


9,360 


-1,380 


7,980 


8,110 


- 56 


8,050 


-1,760 


6,290 


14,300 


- 16 


14,300 


-3,520 


10,780 


8,740 


+187 


8,930 


-2, 120 


6,810 


7,960 


+291 


8,250 


-1,740 


6,510 


6,320 


+431 


6,750 


-1,300 


5,450 


5,400 


+470 


5,870 


-1,100 


4,770 


5,180 


+313 


5,490 


-1,000 


4,490 


5,230 


+285 


5,520 


- 980 


4,540 


5,290 


+201 


5,490 


- 980 


4,510 


6,300 


- 04 


6,300 


-1,060 


5,240 


6,820 


+ 7 


6,830 


-1,320 


5,510 


7,430 


















6,350 


- 48 


6,300 


-1,030 


5,270 


5,710 


- 59 


5,650 


-1,000 


4,650 


7,210 


- 26 


7,180 


-1,890 


5,290 


7,450 


+176 


7,630 


-1,820 


5,810 


6,810 


+351 


7,160 


-1,480 


5,680 


6,380 


+439 


6,820 


-1,400 


5,420 


5,260 


+477 


5,740 


-1,040 


4,700 


4,850 


+402 


5,250 


- 840 


4,410 


4,930 


+291 


5,220 


- 860 


4,360 


4,990 


+ 193 


5,180 


- 850 


4,330 


5,440 


+ 2 


5,440 


- 880 


4,560 


5,340 


- 67 


5,270 


- 800 


4,470 


5,890 










7,940 


- 70 


7,870 


-1, 170 


6,700 


9,720 


- 54 


9,670 


-1,630 


8,040 


6,920 


- 30 


6,890 


-1,210 


5,680 


9,550 


+ 56 


9,610 


-2,370 


7,240 


9,770 


+290 


10,060 


-2, 720 


7,340 


7,980 


+461 


8,440 


-2,060 


6,380 


5,910 


+493 


6,400 


-1,390 


5,010 


5,390 


+444 


5,830 


-1,180 


4,650 


5,520 


+299 


. 5,820 


-1,160 


4,660 


5,480 


+229 


5,710 


-1,090 


4,620 


6,030 


+114 


6,140 


-1,160 


4,980 


6,000 


- 59 


5,940 


-1,080 


4,860 


7,170 











1910. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year 

1911. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year 

1912. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year 



The distribution of the unmeasured flow of the Deschutes between 
Warm Springs and White rivers is shown by the following table 
(p. 116). It has been assumed that one-half of it comes in at the mouth 
of each of the two tributary rivers in addition to the flow of the rivers 
themselves. 

The second column shows the discharge at Mecca with the same 
reduction that has been found applicable to Moody to give the dis- 
charge under assumed future conditions of storage and irrigation. 
The other columns are self-explanatory. 



116 



DESCHUTES EIVER^ OREGON. 

Distribution of inflow between Mecca and Moody. 



Month. 



Discharge under 


Inflow betweenMecca and 


assumed conditions. 




Moody. 




Mecca. 


Moody. 


AtWarm 


At White 
River. 


Total. 


Sec.-ft. 


Sec.-ft. 


Sec.-ft. 


Sec.-ft. 


Sec.-ft. 


3,960 


5,420 


860 


600 


1,460 


3,820 


4,720 


550 


350 


900 


3.720 


4,520 


470 


330 


800 


3,720 


4,500 


440 


340 


780 


3,600 


4,500 


500 


400 


900 


3,390 


4,620 


590 


640 


1,230 


3,540 


4,580 


620 


420 


1,040 


3,810 


6,700 


1,470 


1,420 


2,890 


4,260 


8,040 


1,710 


3,070 


3,780 


3,960 


5,680 


1,080 


640 


1,720 


4,150 


7,240 


1,470 


1,620 


3,090 


4,670 


7,340 


1,240 


1,430 


2,670 


4,420 


6,380 


1,090 


870 


1,960 


3,950 


5,010 


560 


500 


1,060 


3,810 


4,650 


470 


370 


840 


3,660 


4,660 


550 


450 


1,000 


3,530 


4,620 


590 


500 


1,090 


3,720 


4,980 


650 


610 


1,260 


3,530 


4,860 


690 


640 


1,330 



Discharge 

between 

Warm 

Springs 

and 

White 



1911 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1912 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 



Sec.-ft. 
4,820 
4,370 
4,190 
4,160 
4,000 
3,980 
4,160 



5,280 
5,970 
5,040 
5,620 
5,920 
5,510 
4,510 
4,280 
4,210 
4,120 
4,370 
4,220 



This table indicates a possible minimum monthly discharge of 3,390 
second-feet ultimately available at Mecca, corresponding to a discharge 
of about 3,330 second-feet above Shi tike Creek and 3,980 below Warm 
Springs River. The latter is, of course, subject to the uncertainty as 
to the location of the inflow from springs between Mecca and Moody. 
The estimates of minima used by Prof. McCaustland in his part of 
the report, of 3,400 second-feet from the Metohus to Warm Springs 
River and 3,700 second-feet from Warm Springs to White River, are 
probably fairly accurate. 

POWER FROM WATER USED FOR IRRIGATION. 

In the estimate of the rate of distribution of water to irrigated 
lands (p. 89), it was assumed that a small quantity, about 10 per cent 
of the total yearly flow — equivalent to an average discharge of 220 
second-feet — would have to be released during the winter for domes- 
tic use. This would be available for power development between 
the reservoir and the points of diversion. 

During the summer months a large amount of water would be 
available for power in the stretch of river between the suggested 
reservoir at Benham Falls and the lower diversion below Laidlaw. 
This power could be used to supply some demand that would be 
active only during this period, such as pumping water for irrigation 
or furnishing auxiliary power to some plant for which the flow other- 
wise available is deficient during July and August. The utilization 
of the power of the upper Deschutes for either of these purposes 



AVAILABILITY OP WATBE SUPPLY. 



117 



would probably involve long transmission lines and may not be com- 
mercially feasible for many years, but it presents possibilities that 
should not be overlooked in an estimate of the total potential power 
of the Deschutes. 

POWER FROM WATER STORED ON CROOKED RIVER. 

The general regimen of the lower Deschutes is very uniform, but 
there are relatively short periods in which the discharge falls within 
100 to 500 second-feet of the minimum. The minimum flow avail- 
able for power in this section could be materially increased by the 
release of a relatively small amount of water that could be stored on 
Crooked Kiver, the water supply of which is apparently sufficient 
not only to irrigate 50,000 acres of land in its own valley but also to 
supply deficiencies in flow below 4,500 second-feet on the lower river. 

A study of the manipulation of possible storage on Crooked River 
for months during which the mean discharge of Deschutes at Moody 
is less than 4,500 second-feet has been made to determine the quan- 
tity of water necessary to release in order to supply deficiencies below 
this minimum. This quantity is generally larger than would be 
indicated by the deficiency of the monthly mean below 4,500, as 
during a few days in each month the flow will exceed 4,500 second- 
feet. 

The estimated areas and capacities of the suggested reservoir on 
Crooked River are shown by the following table, prepared from data 
furnished by the United States Reclamation Service: 



A'p'proximate area and capacity of Crooked River storage reservoir. 



Eleva- 




Differ- 




Differ- 


tion 
above 

sea 
level. 




ence in 




ence in 


Area. 


area 
per foot 
of gage 


Capacity. 


capacity 
per foot 
of gage 




height. 




height. 


Feet. 


Acres. 


Acres. 


Acre-feet. 


Acre-feet. 


3,480 
3,490 



30 





150 




3' 


is" 


3,500 


100 


7 


800 


65 


3,510 


250 


15 


2,600 


180 


3,520 


420 


17 


6,000 


340 


3,530 


1,350 


93 


15,000 


900 


3,540 


1,850 


50 


31,000 


1,600 


3,550 


2,350 


50 


62,000 


2,100 


3,560 


2,900 


55 


78,000 


2,600 


3,570 


3,700 


80 


111,000 


3,300 


3,680 


4,300 


60 


152,000 


4,100 


3,590 


6,000 


70 


200,000 


4,800 


3,600 


6,500 


50 


252,000 


5,200 


3,610 


6,000 


50 


310,000 


5,800 


3,620 


6,300 


50 


372,000 


6,200 



118 



DESCHUTES RIVER, OREGON. 



The results of study of storage manipulation on Crooked River are 
presented in the following table in substantially the same manner as 
those for Deschutes River and Tumalo Creek: 

Manipulation of storage at suggested reservoir on Croohed River. 



Month. 



Re- 
quired 

for 
irriga- 
tion 
along 
Crook- 
ed 
River. 



Defi- 
cien- 
cies 
below 
4,500 
sec- 
ond- 
feet 
on 
lower 
Des- 
chutes 
River. 



Total 
sug- 



Evap- 
oration. 



Total 
use 
and 
evapo- 
ration. 



Dis- 
charge 

of 
Crook- 
ed 
River. 



Excesses 
and de- 
ficien- 
cies. 



In res- 
ervoir 
at end 

of 
month, 



Area 

of 

water 

sur- 



Overflow. 



1906. 
January . . . 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November. 
December. . 



Acre-ft. 



Acre^jt 



Acre-ft. 



7,500 
18,000 
27,000 
37,500 
37,500 
15,000 

7,500 



1,190 



7,500 
18,000 
27,000 
37,500 
37,500 
16,200 

8,100 



Acre-ft. 





200 

700 

1,900 

1,900 

2,700 

2,300 

1,500 

500 

300 





Acre-ft. 





200 

8,200 

19,900 

28,900 

39,700 

39,800 

17,700 

8,600 

300 





Acre-ft 

7,500 

21,700 

65,200 

95,900 

18,'"" 

7,910 

2,520 

1,660 

2,320 

3,500 

8,810 

12,100 



Acre-ft. 

7,500 

21,700 

65,000 

87,700 

- 1,100 

- 21,000 

- 37,200 

- 38,100 

- 15,400 

- 5,100 

- 8,500 

- 12,100 



Acre-ft. 

22,500 

44,200 

109,200 

180,000 

178,900 

157,900 

120,700 

82,600 

67,200 

62, 100 

70,600 

82, 700 



Acres. 



2,100 
3,600 
4,700 
4,700 
4,400 
3,900 
3,000 
2,700 
2,600 
2,800 
3,100 



The year. 



150,000 



1,800 



151,800 



11,500 



163,300 



247,900 



+202,500 
-117,900 



1907. 
January . . . 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November. 
December. . 



7,500 
18,000 
27,000 
37,500 
37,500 
15,000 

7,500 



The year. 



150,000 



1908. 
January . . . 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November. 
December. . 



The year . 



January... 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 



7,500 
18,000 
27,000 
37,500 
37,500 
15,000 

7,500 



150,000 



7,500 
18,000 
27,000 
37,500 
37,500 
15,000 



196 
9,840 



10.000 



7,500 
18,000 
27,000 
37,500 
37,500 
15,000 

2,500 







500 

900 

1,900 

1,900 

2,200 

2,300 

1,500 

500 

300 









500 

8,400 

19,900 

28,900 

39,700 

39, 800 

16,500 

8,000 

300 





16,400 

134,000 

109,000 

120,000 

29,300 

3,750 

2,710 

2,280 

2,320 

3,810 

7,500 

9,840 



+ 16,400 
+134,000 
+108,500 
111,600 
+ 9,400 

- 25,200 

- 37,000 

- 37,500 

- 14,200 

- 4,200 
+ 7,200 
+ 9, 



99, 100 

180,000 

180,000 

180,000 

180,000 

154, 800 

117,800 

80,300 

66, 100 

61,900 

69, 100 

78,900 



3,400 

4,700 

4,700 

4,700 

4,700 

4,300 

3,500 

3,000 

2,700 

2, 

2,800 

3,000 



150,000 



12, 000 



162,000 



440,900 



+396,900 
-118,100 



7,500 
18,000 
27,000 
37,500 
37,500 
15,200 
17,300 







400 

900 

1,900 

1, 

2,200 

2,200 

1,400 

500 

200 







400 

8,400 

19,900 

28, 800 

39,700 

39,700 

16, 

17,800 

200 



10,100 

12,300 

49,600 

61,500 

15,300 

3,570 

2,210 

1,290 

1,790 

4, 

5,060 

4,920 



160,000 



11,500 



171,500 



171 qno/+134'^<^0 



7,500 
18,000 
27,000 
37,500 
38,300 
15,600 



300 
800 
1,900 
1,900 
2,200 
1,900 
1,400 



300 
8,300 
19,900 
28,900 
39,200 
40,200 
17,000 



11,600 

21,900 

43,000 

68,000 

17,200 

4,090 

2,260 

1,600 

2,120 



+ 11,600 

+ 21,900 

+ 42,700 

+ 59,700 

- 2,700 

- 24.800 

- 37,400 

- 38,600 

- 14,900 



89,000 

101,300 

150,500 

180,000 

175,400 

150,200 

112, 700 

74,300 

59,500 

46,000 

50,900 

55, 800 



67,400 
89,300 
132,000 
180,000 
177,300 
152,500 
115, 100 
76,500 
61,600 



3,200 

3,500 

4,300 

4,700 

4,600 

4, 

3,700 

3,900 

2,500 

2,200 

2,300 

2,400 



2,700 
3,200 
4,000 
4,700 
4,700 
4,300 
3,800 
2,900 
2,600 



AVAILABILITY OF WATER SUPPLY. 119 

Manipulation of storage at suggested reservoir on Crooked River — Continued. 



Month. 


Re- 
quired 

for 
irriga- 
tion 
along 
Crook- 
ed 
River. 


Defi- 
cien- 
cies 
below 
4,500 
sec- 
ond- 
feet 
on 
lower 
Des- 
chutes 
River, 


Total 
sug- 
gested 
use. 


Evap- 
oration, 


Total 
use 
and 
evapo- 
ration. 


Dis- 
charge 

of 
Crook- 
ed 
River. 


Excesses 
and de- 
ficien- 
cies. 


In res- 
ervoir 
at end 

of 
month. 


Area 

of 
water 
sur- 
face. 


Overflow. 


October 


Acre-ft. 
7,500 


Acre-ft. 


Acre-ft. 
7,500 


200 



Acre-ft. 

8,000 

200 




Acre-ft. 
3,160 
25,600 
13,200 


Acre-ft. 

- 4,800 
+ 25,400 
+ 13,200 


Acre-ft. 
56,800 
82,200 
95,400 


Acres. 
2,500 
3,000 
3,300 


Acre-ft. 


November 
























The year.... 


150,000 


1,400 


151,400 


11, 100 


162,500 


213,700 


f +174, 000 
\- 123, 200 


I 




11,700 


/ 




1910. 
January 












400 

900 

1,900 

i;800 

2,100 

2,200 

1,300 

500 

200 








400 

8,400 

19,900 

28,800 

39,600 

40,300 

16,300 

8,800 

400 




21,600 
38,300 
117,000 
37,400 
11,500 
857 
548 

l,llO 

2,820 
6,070 
16,800 


+ 21,600 
+ 38,300 
+116,600 
+ 29,000 

- 8,400 

- 27,900 

- 39,100 

- 40,000 

- 15,200 

- 6,000 
+ 5,700 
+ 16,800 


117,000 

155,300 

180,000 

180,000 

171,600 

143, 700 

104,600 

64,600 

49,400 

43,400 

49, 100 

65,900 


3,800 
4,400 
4,700 
4,700 
4,600 
4,200 
3,600 
2,600 
2,300 
2,200 
2,300 
2,700 




February 










March 








91,900 
29,000 


AprU 


7,500 
18,000 
27,000 
37,500 
37,500 
15,000 

7,500 


""hih 

■"■"812 
238 


7,500 
18,000 
27,000 
37,500 
38,100 
15,000 

8,300 
200 


Mav . - - 


June 




July 








September 

October 






November 




December 
















The year 


150,000 


1,700 


151,600 


11,300 


162,900 


254,300 


r+228,000 
\- 136, 600 


1 




120,900 




/ 




1911. 
January 




1,730 
1,980 
1,670 

'"i,"436 
6,640 
8,330 

10,500 
3,290 
7,070 


1,700 

2,000 

1,700 

7,500 

18,000 

27,000 

38,900 

44,100 

23,300 

18,000 

3,300 

7,100 






300 

800 

1,900 

1,900 

2,200 

2,200 

1,400 

400 

200 




1,700 

2,000 

2,000 

8,300 

19,900 

28,900 

41,100 

46,300 

24,700 

18,400 

3,500 

7,100 


8,980 

9,660 

62,700 

52,600 

18,200 

2,650 

1,080 

572 

1,080 

3,120 

3,650 

4,560 


+ 7,300 
+ 7,700 
+ 60,700 
+ 49,300 

- 1,700 

- 26,200 

- 40,000 

- 45,700 

- 23,600 

- 15,300 
+ 200 

- 2,500 


73,200 

80,900 

141,600 

180,000 

178,300 

152,100 

112,100 

66,400 

42, 800 

27,500 

27,200 

25,200 


2,800 
3,000 
4,100 
4,700 
4,700 
4,300 
3,700 
2,700 
2,100 
1,700 
1,800 
1,700 




February 






March 






April 


7,500 
18,000 
27,000 
37,500 
37,500 
15,000 

7,500 


10,900 


May 


June 




July 




August 




September 




October.. 




November 




December 












The year 


150,000 


42,600 


122,600 


11,300 


203,900 


168, 900 


/+ 119, 900 
\- 155, 000 


\ 




10,900 




i 




1912. 
January 




12,200 


12,200 





7,500 

18,000 

27,000 

37,500 

37,500 

15,000 

7,500 










300 

600 

1,800 

1,900 

2,200 

2,400 

1,700 

600 

300 




12,200 



300 

8,100 

19,800 

28,900 

39,700 

39,900 

16, 700 

8,100 

300 




19,600 

35,000 

20,3QC 

95,200 

91,600 

17,800 

4,120 

2,040 

2,040 

3,020 

4,680 

7,000 


+ 7,400 
+ 35,000 
+ 20,000 
+ 87,100 
+ 71,800 

- 11,100 

- 35,600 

- 37,900 

- 14,700 

- 5,100 
+ 4,400 
+ 7,000 


32,600 
67,600 
87,600 
174,700 
180,000 
168,900 
133,300 
95, 400 
80,700 
75, 600 
80,000 
87,000 


1,900 
2,700 
3,200 
4,600 
4,700 
4,500 
4,000 
3,400 
3,000 
2,900 
3,000 
3,200 




February 






March 








AprU 


7,500 
18,000 
27,000 
37,500 
37,500 
15,000 

7,500 






May 


66,500 


June 


July 




August 




September 




October 




November 




December 
















The year 


150,000 


12,200 


162,200 


11,800 


174,000 


302,400 


/+232,700 
\- 104, 400 


\ 




66,500 




^ 





The table shows the monthly requirements for irrigation, the 
volume of water (in acre-feet) required to maintain a discharge of 
4,500 second-feet in Deschutes River below White River, the niontlily 
evaporation, the available flow of Crooked River at the reservoir, as 
shown by records of the Post station November to March, and at the 



120 DESCHUTES EIVER, OREGON. 

point of diversion, as represented by the Prineville station April to 
October, the area of water surface corresponding to the volume of 
storage, and the quantity of water spilled in any month after the 
reservoir becomes filled to capacity — 180,000 acre-feet. 

The figures indicate that the reservoir would have been filled each 
spring without exception, but the quantity spilled in 1911 would have 
been very small, and in 1909 it would have been less than 5 per cent 
of the total run-off. Although never empty, the reservoir would have 
had only 13,000 acre-feet left at the end of the period of deficiency on 
lower Deschutes River in the early part of January, 1912. The 
assumed capacity is, therefore, possibly 13,000 acre-feet too great. 
The annual draft might be increased by 10,000 or 20,000 acre-feet by 
holding over water from wet years, like 1907 or 1910, but the increase 
in storage required would be considerable and the expense might 
not be warranted. The maximum storage capacity required for 
irrigation alone would have been 135,000 acre-feet in 1910; the 
maximum for power alone, 49,400, July, 1911, to January, 1912. 

DEVELOPED WATER POWERS IN THE DESCHUTES 
DRAINAGE BASIN. 

By W. B. Heroy. 

Because of the relatively sparse population of the Deschutes basin 

and the few towns of sufficient importance to afford a market for 

power, little progress has been made in the utilization of water power. 

There are, however, at least three plants in operation — one on the 

main Deschutes River, one on Crooked River, and one on White 

River — with an aggregate capacity of 2,900 kilowatts. Descriptions 

of these plants, based in part upon data published in engineering 

journals, follow. 

BEND PLANT.i 

Near the town of Bend in the north half of sec. 32, T. 17 S., 
R. 12 E., a small rock-fiU dam has been constructed across Deschutes 
River to develop water power. At the east end of the dam a fore- 
bay has been constructed from which water is admitted to the 
wheels in the power house. Only half of the power house has been 
completed, housing at the present time one unit. The station is, 
however, of modern concrete and brick construction and may ulti- 
mately be enlarged to a capacity of 1,400 horsepower. The plant 
operates under a head of 15 feet. 

The unit now installed consists of an S. Morgan Smith turbine, 
directly connected to a 250 kilovolt-ampere alternating-current gen- 
erator. Electric power and light are furnished to Bend, and the 
pumps for municipal water supply are also operated electrically. 

1 Described in The Journal of Electricity, vol. 31, p. 319, 1913. 



DEVELOPED WATEK POWERS IN DESCHUTES DRAINAGE BASIN. 121 

The plant was originafly constructed by the Bend Water, Light & 
Power Co. in 1910 but has recently been acquired by the Central 
Oregon Power Co. This company is said to be controlled by the 
same interests as the Deschutes Power Co. The cost of the plant 
and distribution system has been slightly over $100,000. 

CBOOKED RIVER PLANT. 

A hydroelectric plant has been constructed to utilize the flow of 
the lower stretch of Crooked Hiver, below Opal Springs. The diver- 
sion canal takes directly out of the river in the SE. J SW. J sec. 
11, T. 12 S., R. 12 E., and conducts the water to the power house, 
which is situated in the NE. J SW. J of the same section. The 
canal is about 2,300 feet in length and the head obtained is approxi- 
mately 33 feet. 

One unit has been installed, consisting of one Leffel water wheel, 
one direct-current generator, 14 kilowatts, 125 volts, 112 amperes, 
and one alternating-current generator, 400 kilowatts, 2,300 volts, 100 
amperes. The distribution system supplies Prineville, Redmond, 
Madras, Metolius, and Culver, 73 miles of transmission lines having 
been constructed. The plant is capable of being enlarged to a 
capacity of 3,900 horsepower, and by means of a diversion dam the 
head can be increased to 38 feet. Eleven hundred second-feet of 
water has been appropriated. 

The plant was constructed by the Cove Power Co. but has recently 
been purchased by the Deschutes Power Co., having offices at 521 
First Avenue, Spokane, Wash. The officers of the company are 
Samuel Galland, president; W. C. Sivyer, vice president; Bert L. 
Sivyer, secretary and treasurer; and L. M. Simpson, general manager. 
The cost of the plant, equipment, and transmission system is reported 
to be about $228,000. 

WHITE RIVER PLANT.^ 

A short distance west of Deschutes River White River falls from 
the Deschutes plateau into a canyon, forming a number of picturesque 
cascades. Advantage of this natural water power has been taken 
and a hydroelectric plant installed. The entire development is 
located on the northeast quarter of sec. 7, T. 4 S., R. 14 E. 

A concrete dam, 8 feet high, has been built across the river above 
the falls and diverts the water into a setthng basin, the use of which 
is necessitated because of the large amount of sediment carried by 
White River. The water is thence conveyed through a 48-inch 
wood-stave pipe about 500 feet to a second settling basin, which 
acts also as a forebay reservoir. A 60-inch wood-stave and steel 
pressure pipe 430 feet long, leading to the power house, gives a head 
of 149 feet. 

1 Described in Tho Journal of Electricity, vol. 29, p. 227. 



122 DESCHUTES RIVER^ OREGON. 

The power house contains three Pelton-Frances turbines, two 
installed in 1911 having a capacity of 1,000 horsepower each, and 
one in 1912 of 1,600 horsepower. The older wheels are each con- 
nected to 500-kilowatt, GO-cycle, 3-phase generators, while the new 
wheel connects to a 1,250-kilowatt machine. Two 40-kilowatt and 
one 60-kiIowatt exciters have also been installed. 

Power is developed at 2,300 volts but is stepped up to 66,000 
volts for transmission 27 miles to The Dalles. Here connection is 
made with a transmission line leading to Hood River, where a small 
hydroelectric plant of 325 kilowatts is tied into the same circuit. A 
branch line extends to Dufur. 

The plant was constructed by the Wasco Warehouse Milling Co., 
now a subsidiary of the Pacific Power & Light Co., which supplies 
electricity to a large territory in southern Washington and northern 
Oregon. The Pacific Power & light Co. is controlled by the Ameri- 
can Power & Light Co., a subsidiary of the General Electric Co. 

UNDEVELOPED POWER SITES. 

By E. J. McCaustland. 
METHODS OF DEVELOPMENT. 

In any contemplated water-power development all other possible 
uses of the water should be carefully considered and should be given 
full weight in reaching a conclusion. It has been contended that the 
full development of power in certain regions has led to the exhaustion 
of the natural resources, such as lumber, iron, and coal. It is thus 
reasonable to ask whether such development was for the ultimate 
good of these regions or whether it would not have been wise to delay 
development until it could proceed without exhausting natural 
resources. But whether development is to proceed as a whole or by 
a system of units in response to pressing demand, knowledge of the 
possibilities and the limitations of the water powers is of primary 
importance to the owners of the rights. 

In order to determine such possibihties and limitations, complete 
and accurate data are essential. It should not be forgotten, however, 
that accuracy in this connection is merely relative, and that for 
preliminary investigations a range of 10 to 15 per cent is well within 
the limit of error to be expected. 

The minimum power available at any site is that which may be 
developed during the period of lowest flow of the stream — a period 
ordinarily extending over a few days or weeks during some rather 
definite season of the year; as during other portions of the year a 
much greater power may be developed, it is, as a rule, wise not to 
design a plant for an actual minimum stream flow, but to plan for a 
flow somewhat in excess of this minimum and to provide for auxiliary 




POWER PROFILES OF 



AND DESCHUTES RIVERS. 



UNDEVELOPED POWER SITES. 128 

power to carry the load over the periods of shortage. The additional 
power that may be obtained over and above that available with 
minimum flow may amount to many times the minimum power, the 
range depending, of course, on the variations of flow in the stream 
to be developed. 

The use of reservoirs at the head waters of power streams, in which 
precipitation may be collected and stored and released as necessary, 
may increase the amount of power that may be developed to a degree 
materially above the minimum. Such storage also tends to prevent 
flooding of the stream and allows the construction of less expensive 
dams, head works, and spillways. On Deschutes River the fall is too 
great to allow much pondage behind power dams, but a large reservoir 
site exists on Crooked River in T. 17 S., R,. 21 E. Willamette meridian, 
where a dam of moderate height will provide storage for water that 
may be released during the low- water season to increase the minimum 
flow of the stream. 

A scheme for the development of the power of Deschutes River to 
its utmost economical limits must so provide for the utilization of the 
dam sites that any one may be built without interfering in any way 
with later developments, either up or down the stream. Suitable 
power sites do not exist at all points along the river, but those selected 
for description seem feasible of economic development by dams so 
proportioned that each will back the water up to the next most 
likely site above. (See PL VIII.) 

MARKET FOR POWER. 

At the present time there is practically no active market to justify 
the development of any considerable amount of power along Des- 
chutes River. A smaU power plant is now in operation at Bend, 
about 160 miles from Columbia River, but the maximum output of 
this plant will not exceed 1,500 horsepower and only a smaU part of 
this total is now in demand. It is probable that when central Oregon 
becomes more densely populated, the need for the products of the 
country, such as timber, wool, and leather, may encourage the build- 
ing of a number of small factories and thus bring into local use a part 
of the ultimate power that may be developed along the river. It is 
not to be expected, however, that aU the potential power of the 
Deschutes at any point will be thus used locally, and it follows that 
transmission lines must be constructed to make this power available 
at long distances from the source of development. Fortunately at 
each of the sites here described enough power may be developed to 
make transmission economical up to and possibly beyond a distance 
of 200 to 300 miles. 

The price for which electric power along the river can be sold must 
be determined by considering the local cost of power, and this cost 
wiU depend, for some time at least, (m the prevailing prices of coal 



124 DESCHUTES RIVER, OREGON". 

or oil. Wood is now and may for some time be used in small plants, 
but it will never be an important factor in the problem of possible 
waterpower development along the Deschutes. The comparatively 
large investments necessary for the development of any one of these 
power sites and the small demand for power that may be expected 
for some time after beginning operations will make the fixed and 
operating charges high, and therefore power can not be sold as cheaply 
as if the whole output could be used from the beginning. 

AVAILABLE FLOW. 

The stream-flow records collected by the United States Geological 
Survey and presented in preceding pages indicate the amount of 
water available for continuous power development as follows: 

Water available for power development in Deschutes River hasin. 

On Metolius River: ' Second-feet. 

Jacks Creek site 600 

Jefferson Creek site 1, 000 

Whitewater site 1, 200 

Riggs site 1, 400 

" On Deschutes River: 

Metolius, Pelton, and Mecca sites 3, 400 

Coleman, White Horse Rapids, Frieda, Maupin, and Oak 

Springs sites 3, 700 

All other sites on lower Deschutes River 4, 500 

FIELD STUDIES.' 

To determine the most available sites some weeks were spent in the 
field studying the river, a journey being made on foot along the river 
canyon from the Columbia to Bend and every likely dam site being 
noted. The most satisfactory were then surveyed in detail and a 
line of soundings was taken across the river at the approximate crest 
fine of the proposed dam. From these surveys maps were made 
(Pis. IX-XXV) to a scale of 100 feet to the inch with contours at 
10-foot intervals. Each map shows also the layout of a possible 
development. Cross sections plotted from the contours and sound- 
ings afforded a basis for the estimates of quantities of material in 
the dams and other structures. 

SITES ON DESCHUTES RIVER. 

General conditions. — Among the many conditions that favor 
Deschutes River as a power stream are its remarkably uniform flow, 
its comparative freedom from drift and suspended matter that might 
be injurious to or interfere with the operation of water wheels, and 
the little difficulty to be apprehended from the formation of ice. 

The course of the Deschutes is now paralleled by a line of railway 
on each bank. Whatever reduction in costs of construction might 




OF MOODY POWER SITE. 



UNDEVELOPED POWER SITES. 125 

result from this proximity of a cheap means of transportation will, 
however, be somewhat more than offset by the cost imposed by the 
necessity of changing the alignment of these railway tracks in order 
to bring their grade above the crests of the various dams. A casual 
examination of the topographic features of the valley of the Deschutes 
would lead one to the belief that it abounds in power sites that afford 
opportunities for the construction of high dams at low cost. A more 
careful examination, however, discloses the fact that sites having 
both the foundation and flanking river walls suitable for high-head 
developments are not numerous, particularly if low cost of power is 
the criterion of choice. At almost any point along the river a good 
foundation may be found, and in many places a rock wall exists on 
one side of the stream and in close proximity to it; but it is rather 
unusual to find places where the canyon narrows down and has rock 
walls on both sides of the stream and near enough to it to insure 
short dams. The river valley varies in width from 200 to 1,200 feet. 
Where the stream approaches one side of this valley the natural rock 
walls on that side afford excellent abutments for masonry dams, 
but a very long structure is likely to be necessary in order to reach 
suitable abutment on the opposite side. 

A careful examination of the river below the mouth of the Metolius 
and a consideration of the proper balancing of the natural conditions 
favoring the construction of dams, and the heights to which such dams 
could be built in order that the backwater from one would just reach 
the base of the next dam above, have led to the selection of 14 sites 
suitable for development. The total fall in the Deschutes from 
the limit of backwater of the dam farthest upstream to Columbia 
River is about 1,615 feet, of which 1,406 feet can be utilized at the 
selected sites by means of diversion lines leading from dams of the 
heights assumed. 

The type of development that appears most suitable for the 
Deschutes comprises masonry dams, near-by power houses, and very 
short diversion lines, except at the White Horse Rapids, Maupin, 
and Sherar Falls sites, where longer diversion lines would be needed. 

Moody power site. — Located in the SW. i sec. 35, T, 2 N., R. 15 E. 
Willamette meridian. The bed of the river at this point is solid rock 
and the right bank is also solid rock and fully exposed. A test pit 
sunk on the left bank shows solid rock at the depth of a few feet, 
under a thin covering of soil. As indicated on the map (PI. IX) the 
power house may be placed on the left bank of the stream and reached 
by penstocks from a forebay to extend along the hillside parallel 
to the axis of the river. 

The power house should probably be built as near to the dam as 
possible and yet kept on an entirely separate foundation. 

It is estimated that a dam 180 feet high built at this point would 
make available a power head of 132 feet, by which 54,000 brake horse- 



126 DESCHUTES RIVER, OREGON. 

power (40,000 kilowatts) would be developed by wheels of 80 per 
cent efficiency with a flow of 4,500 second-feet. A solid gravity dam, 
180 feet high, at this site would involve the excavation of about 
52,000 cubic yards of material and the placing of about 243,000 
cubic yards of masonry. 

LocJcit power site. — ^Located in the NE. i sec. 8, T. 1 S., R. 16 E. 
Willamette meridian. At this site the river bed and the right wall 
appear to be of solid basalt, but the left* bank is more or less covered 
with loose, disintegrated rock. The sketch (PI. X) indicates a pos- 
sible layout similar to that at the Moody site. A dam at this point, 
94 feet high, would make available a power head of 70 feet, by which 
28,630 brake horsepower (21,500 kilowatts) would be developed by 
wheels of 80 per cent efficiency with a flow of 4,500 second-feet. A 
solid gravity dam, 94 feet high, at this site would involve the excava- 
tion of about 16,000 cubic yards of material and the placing of about 
56,000 cubic yards of masonry. 

Reclamation power site. — Located between sees. 5 and 6, T. 2 S., 
E,. 16 E. WiUamette meridian. Information concerning the bottom 
of the river at this point is lacking. The right bank is a basaltic cliff 
and the left is seemingly of solid rock covered hghtly with poor soil. 
As indicated on the map (PI. XI) the power house at this site may be 
placed about 800 feet below the dam. 

It is estimated that a dam 118 feet high at this site would make 
available a power head of 92 feet, by which 37,600 brake horsepower 
(28,000 kilowatts) would be developed by wheels of 80 per cent 
efficiency with a flow of 4,500 second-feet. The building of a dam 
of this height would involve the excavation of about 24,000 cubic 
yards of material and the placing of about 91,000 cubic yards of 
masonry. 

Sinamox power site. — Located in the S. J sec. 34,- T. 2 S., R. 15 E. 
WiUamette meridian. At this point the river flows in a narrow 
channel and a ledge of basalt apparently furnishes excellent founda- 
tion and abutments on both sides. The topography suggests that 
the power house may be placed in close proximity to the dam, but if so 
placed it would be necessary to construct a massive wing wall to 
afford protection at times of flood (PI. XII). 

It is estimated that a dam 104 feet high built at this point would 
provide a power head of 87 feet, by which 35,600 brake horsepower 
(26,500 kilowatts) would be developed by wheels of 80 per cent 
efficiency with a flow of 4,500 second-feet. A solid gravity dam 
104 feet high at this site would involve the excavation of about 
13,000 cubic yards of material and the placing of about 57,000 cubic 
yards of masonry. 

Dale Brook power site. — Located in the NW. \ sec. 18, T. 3 S., R. 
15 E. Willamette meridian. The channel of the river is narrow 



I, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 




f \ 



OF LOOKIT POWER SITE. 




MAP OF RECLAMATION POWER SITE. 




MAP OF SINAMOX POWER SITE. 




OF OAK BROOK POWER SITE. 




MAP OF SHERAR FALLS POWER SITE. 




MAP OF SHERAR FALLS POWER SITE. 




OF OAK SPRINGS POWER SITE. 




MAP OF MAUPIN POWER SITE. 



UNDEVELOPED POWER SITES. 127 

and both banks and the bed of the stream are apparently composed 
of solid rock. A possible layout is indicated on the map (PI. XIII). 

A dam 98 feet high, built at this site, would afford a power head of 
65 feet, by which 26,500 brake horsepower (19,800 kilowatts) would 
be developed by wheels realizing 80 per cent efficiency, with 4,500 
second-feet of flow. The building of a solid gravity dam, 98 feet 
high, at this point would involve the excavation of about 13,000 
cubic yards of material and the placing of about 50,000 cubic yards 
of masonry. 

SJierar Falls power site. — Located in the NW. J NE. J sec. 3, T. 4 
S., R. 14 E. Willamette meridian. The river below Sherar Falls 
flows in a very narrow channel and has a pronounced slope for some 
distance. As shown on the map (PI. XIV), the site may be utilized 
by constructing a dam about 600 feet upstream from the crest of 
the falls, and diverting the water through tunnels to a forebay above 
the power house to be built at the mouth of Buck Creek canyon. By 
making the dam sufficiently high to raise the water about 63 feet, 
or to an elevation of 780 feet, and using the diversion lines a total 
head of approximately 100 feet could be obtained. Conditions at 
the surface indicate that the tunnels would be in solid rock for their 
entire length of 4,600 feet. 

The necessary height of the dam is estimated at 88 feet. With a 
flow of 4,500 second-feet, 40,900 brake horsepower (30,500 kilowatts) 
would be developed by wheels realizing 80 per cent efficiency. A 
solid gravity dam, 88 feet high, at this site would involve the exca- 
vation of about 11,000 cubic yards of material and the placing of 
41,000 cubic yards of masonry. 

Dale Springs power site. — Located in the NE. J sec. 20, T. 4 S., 
R. 14 E. Willamette meridian. The slope of the river between the 
backwater from the Sherar Falls site and the position of the Maupin 
site farther up stream can be utilized by building a dam 50 feet 
high (PL XV). This dam wiU afford a power head of 32 feet by which 
10,824 brake horsepower (8,100 kilowatts) would be developed by 
wheels of 80 per cent efficiency with a flow of 3,700 second-feet. The 
building of this dam would involve the excavation of about 6,500 cubic 
yards of material and the placing of 15,000 cubic yards of masonry. 

Maupin power site. — Located in the SE. J NW. J sec. 5, T. 5 S., 
R. 14 E. Willamette meridian. The Maupin site oflers a good abut- 
ment for a dam on the left bank, but the bed of the stream is strewTi 
with bowlders and the depth to bedrock is uncertain. The map 
(PI. XVI) indicates that this site could be utilized by means of a 
dam 148 feet high, which would afford a power head of 132 feet. 
With a flow of 3,700 second-feet, 44,496 brake horsepower (33,100 
kilowatts) could bo developed with wheels realizing 80 per cent 
efficiency. The building of the dam would involve the excavation 



128 DESCHUTES KIVER, OEEGON. 

of about 27,000 cubic yards of material and the placing of about 
146,000 cubic yards of masonry. 

Frieda power site, — Located in the NE. i sec. 13, T. 6 S., K. 13 E. 
Willamette meridian. At this dam site the bed of the stream appears 
to be of solid rock and walls for abutments are excellent. If this site 
is utilized the power house can be built close to the dam (PI. XVII). 

It is estimated that a dam 178 feet high would make available at 
this point a power head of 140 feet, by which 47,360 brake horsepower 
(35,200 kilowatts) would be developed by wheels of 80 per cent effi- 
ciency with a flow of 3,700 second-feet. The construction of such a 
dam would involve the excavation of about 47,000 cubic yards of 
material and the placing of about 198,000 cubic yards of masonry. 

White Horse Rapids power site. — Located in the NE. J NE. J sec. 29, 
T. 7 S., R. 14 E. Willamette meridian, just above the White Horse 
Hapids. The river bed and the banks at this site are apparently 
suitable for foundations. A possible method of development is 
indicated by the map (PL XVIII). 

It is estimated that a dam 122 feet high built at this site would, 
in connection with a diversion line 6,500 feet long, make avail- 
able a power head of 138 feet, by which 47,200 brake horsepower 
(35,100 kilowatts) would be developed by wheels of 80 per cent 
efficiency, with a flow of 3,700 second-feet. A solid gravity dam, 
122 feet high, built at this site would involve the excavation of 
about 14,000 cubic yards of material and the placing of about 
57,000 cubic yards of masonry. 

Coleman power site. — Located in the NE. J NE. J sec. 12, T. 9 S., 
R. 13 E. Willamette meridian. The river bed and banks at this 
site appear less satisfactory than at some others along the stream, 
but perfectly safe construction is doubtless feasible. A possible lay- 
out is shown on the map (PL XIX). 

It is estimated that a dam, 78 feet high, built at this point would 
make available a power head of 58 feet by which 19,680 brake horse- 
power (14,700 kilowatts) would be developed by wheels of 80 per cent 
efficiency, with a flow of 3,700 second-feet. The building of a solid 
gravity dam 78 feet high would involve the excavation of about 
11,000 cubic yards of material and the placing of about 37,000 cubic 
yards of masonry. 

Mecca power site. — Located in the S. i sec. 30, T. 9 S., R. 13 E. 
Willamette meridian. The river bed at this point is strewn with 
bowlders. The right bank is probably composed of rock to a point 
very near the surface, but the condition of the left bank is more 
doubtful, and special investigation would be needed to estimate 
closely the amount of excavation necessary to reach a solid founda- 
tion. The map (PL XX) indicates the possible utilization of the 
site by power house on the right bank close to the dam. 



PAPER 3-14 PLATE XVII 




OF FRIEDA POWER SITE. 



J 




OF HORSE tUPIOS POWER SITE. 




MAP OF COLEMAN POWER SITE. 




MAP OF MECCA POWER SITE. 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 344 




POWER SITE. 



^ 



UNDEVELOPED POWER SITES. 129 

It is estimated that a dam 110 feet high would make available a 
power head of 90 feet, by which 27,760 brake horsepower (20,750 
kilowatts) would be developed by wheels of 80 per cent efficiency 
with a flow of 3,400 second-feet. A solid gravity dam, 110 feet high 
at this point would involve the excavation of 11,000 cubic yards of 
material and the placing of about 65,000 cubic yards of masonry. 

Pelton power site. — ^Located in the S. i sec. 35, T. 10 S., R. 12 E. 
Willamette meridian. Conditions at the Pelton power site (PI. XXI) 
indicate banks and river bed suitable for the construction of a dam. 

It is estimated that a dam 84 feet high built at this site would 
make available a power head of 60 feet, by which 18,560 brake horse- 
power (13,800 kilowatts) would be developed by wheels of 80 per cent 
efficiency with a flow of 3,400 second-feet. The construction of a 
solid gravity dam 84 feet high would involve the excavation of about 
7,000 cubic yards of material and the placing of about 22,000 cubic 
yards of masonry. 

Metolius power site. — Located in the NE. i sec. 22, T. 11 S., R. 12 E. 
Willamette meridian. This site is in a narrow rock-walled canyon 
and affords the best opportunity on the river for the construction 
of a high masonry dam. The layout of a possible development is 
shown on the map (PL XXII). 

It is estimated that a dam 236 feet high built at this point would 
make available a power head of 210 feet, by which 64,960 brake 
horsepower (48,700 kilowatts) would be developed by wheels of 80 
per cent efficiency with a flow of 3,400 second-feet. A solid gravity 
dam, 236 feet high, built at this point would involve the excava- 
tion of about 38,000 cubic yards of material and the placing of about 
183,000 cubic yards of masonry. 

SITES ON METOLIUS RIVER. 

General conditions. — Metolius River is like the Deschutes in that it is 
a stream of clear water of fairly uniform flow and carries practically 
no drift. It is probable also that the formation of ice will never be 
a disturbing factor in the operation of power plants along its course. 

In its general character and in its possibilities of power develop- 
ment, however, it is quite unlike the Deschutes. Its fall from its 
headwaters to the confluence with the Deschutes averages about 
35 feet to the mile, but along its entire length of 41 miles there are 
only a few places where the sites are at all suitable for the construc- 
tion of dams of greater height than 20 to 25 feet. In order to con- 
centrate the development of power in large units suitable for eco- 
nomical transmission, diversion lines must be planned — either open 
canals or pipe lines under low pressure. The low-lying bench lands 
along the stream make it easy and reasonably cheap to construct 
these diversion lines and they may be carried for long distances 
48348°— wsp 344—14 9 



130 DESCHUTES RIVER, OREGON. 

down the valley in order to take advantage of the natural fall of the 
stream. For the construction of low dams rock foundations and 
rock walls reaching to a height of 15 to 25 feet are everywhere to be 
found. This height is sufficient to allow the construction of proper 
intakes to the diversion lines and to provide spillways for the flood 
waters. 

Transportation to the vicinity of the plants on this river must be 
provided by constructing wagon roads and railways, and the costs 
of such construction will be a material item in the cost of the devel- 
oped horsepower. 

Riggs power site. — Located in the W. i sec. 28, T. 11 S., R. 11 W. 
Willamette meridian. The Riggs power site on Metolius River is at 
a point a few miles above backwater from Metolius dam. The river 
bed and right bank probably afford conditions favorable for founda- 
tion and abutment, but the condition of the left bank is uncertain. 
A possible layout is indicated on the map (PI. XXIII). 

It is estimated that a dam 90 feet high,. built at this point, and 
a diversion canal 9,000 feet long would make available a power head 
of 135 feet, by which 17,200 brake horsepower (12,800 kilowatts) 
would be developed by wheels of 80 per cent efficiency with a flow 
of 1,400 second-feet. A solid gravity dam at this site would involve 
the excavation of about 16,000 cubic yards of material and the 
placing of about 58,000 cubic yards of masonry. 

Whitewater power site. — Located in sec. 28, T. 10 S., R. 10 E. 
Willamette meridian. The utilization of the Whitewater power site 
would require a comparatively long dam and a canal diversion line 
about 4 miles long on the bank of Metolius River, as shown on the 
map (PL "XXIV). Surface indications suggest good foundations at 
the dam site. 

It is estimated that a dam 78 feet high, built at this point would, 
with diversion line, make available a power head of 260 feet, by 
which 28,363 brake horsepower (21,100 kilowatts) would be devel- 
oped by wheels of 80 per cent efficiency with a flow of 1,200 second- 
feet. A solid gravity dam 78 feet high built at this site would 
involve the excavation of about 7,000 cubic yards of material and 
the placing of about 24,000 cubic yards of masonry. 

Jefferson Creelc power site. — Located in the SE. I sec. 35, T. 11 S., 
R. 9 E. WiUamette meridian. The Jefferson Creek site might be 
developed by means of a dam high enough to raise the water to the 
first low bench lands along the left bank of the stream, and a diver- 
sion canal which would carry the water nearly 9 miles to the point 
suggested for a power house. 

It is estimated that a dam 20 feet high built at this point would, 
with diversion hne, afford a power head of 400 feet, by which 36,363 
brake horsepower (27,100 kilowatts) would be developed by wheels 
of 80 per cent efficiency with a flow of 1 000 second-feet. The 




OF RIGGS POWER SITE ON METOLIUS RIVER. 



). GEOLOGICAL SU 




MAP OF WHITEWATER POWER SITE ON METOLIUS 




MAP OF JACKS CREEK POWER SITE ON METOLIUS RIVER. 



1 



UNDEVELOPED POWER SITES. 



131 



building of this dam would involve the excavation of about 300 cubic 
yards of material and the placing of about 1,000 cubic yards of 
masonry. 

Jacks Creek power site. — Located in the SE. J sec. 27, T. 12 S., 
K. 9 E. Willamette meridian. This site is near the headwaters of 
the Metolius, in a narrow rock- walled canyon in which a dam 172 
feet high would back the water to the actual source of the stream. 
The layout indicated on the map (PL XXV) shows diversion of the 
water through a canal of slight fall on the right bank to a point 
below the AUen ranch, making a line about 6 miles long ; at this point 
the water is dropped to the level of the river. The investigation 
indicates that the development of power with the amount of water 
here available will be expensive under any circumstances, whether 
by building a high dam, a long diversion canal, or a combination of 
both. 

It is estimated that a dam 172 feet high built at this point would, 
with diversion line, make available a power head of 300 feet, by 
which 16,363 brake horsepower (12,206 kilowatts) would be devel- 
oped by wheels of 80 per cent efficiency with a flow of 600 second- 
feet. A solid gravity dam 172 feet high built at this point would 
involve the excavation of about 15,000 cubic yards of material and 
the placing of about 108,000 cubic yards of masonry. 

SUMMARY. 

The following table presents, for convenience of reference, a sum- 
mary of the power available at the sites on the Deschutes and Meto- 
lius rivers : 

Power available at sites on Deschutes and Metolius rivers. 



Brake 
horse- 
power. 



Kilo- 
watts. 



DESCHUTES RIVER 

Moody 

Lockit 

Reclamation 

Sinamox 

Oak Brook , 

Sherar Falls 

Oak Springs 

Maupin 

Frieda 

White Horse Rapids 

Coleman 

Mecca 

Pelton 

Metolius 

METOLIUS RIVER. 

Rig?s 

Whitewater 

Jefferson Oreek 

Jacks Oreek 

Grand total 



54,000 
28,630 
37, 600 
35, 600 
26, 500 
40, 900 
10, 824 
44, 496 
47, 360 
47, 200 
19, 680 
27, 760 
18, 560 
64, 960 



504,070 



17,200 
28,363 
36,363 
16,363 



40,000 
21,500 
28,000 
26, 500 
19,800 
30,500 
8,100 
33,100 
35,200 
35,100 
14,700 
20, 750 
13,800 
48,700 



12,800 
31,100 
27,100 
12,206 



132 DESCHUTES RIVEE^ OREGON. 

All of the sites are on withdrawn land except the first ^ve on the 
Deschutes, namely, Moody, Lockit, Reclamation, Sinamox, and Oak 
Brook, and the construction of dams on these sit^s would flood 
withdrawn land. The amount of tillable land flooded by the con- 
struction of any of these dams is negligible. A few miles of county 
road would be submerged in the lower canyon. 

WATER RIGHTS AND APPROPRIATIONS. 

By John H. Lewis, State engineer of Oregon. 
OLD AND NEW WATER LAW OF OREGON. 

A brief discussion of the old and new laws relating to water appears 
necessary for a proper understanding of the water-right situation on 
Deschutes River. Afterward the relation of State control and 
national control of streams will be discussed as a proper basis for out- 
lining the need for further water legislation. 

Owing to the fact that many States have not yet undertaken 
seriously the administration of their water resources, and to the great 
lack of uniformity in the water laws of those Western States which 
have legislated on the subject, it is believed that a discussion of 
Oregon's new water code will be of general interest, especially since 
the National Irrigation Congress has, by resolution, recommended 
this law as a model for other States. Further, the National Irrigar- 
tion Congress has approved the report of its special investigation com- 
mittee on interstate rights, to the effect that : 

If there is to be any protection of priorities across State lines it should be by a 
Federal administrative system corresponding in character to that needed for the estab- 
lishing and protection of rights within a State. ^ 

This view of the interstate question is rapidly being accepted by 
many people, and the Oregon law may therefore serve eventually as a 
model for a T'ederal administrative system. 

Under the early laws and customs of miners a water right could be 
initiated by constructing a ditch and diverting water without any 
public record whatever. Later it was provided that the beginning 
of construction work could be postponed for six months without loss 
of priority if a notice of the intention to appropriate water was posted 
near the proposed point of diversion and a copy of this notice recorded 
in the office of the county clerk. There was no public supervision as 
to what might be claimed in such notice; consequently all claimed 
many times the water they expected to use, and many claimed all the 
water in the stream at the proposed point of diversion. After con- 
struction work was begun, with or without the posting of a notice, the 
law provided that it should be carried on diligently to completion. 
It was not necessary to make final proof or to file other evidence of 
the completion of a right to appropriate water. 

> National Irrigation Congress Official Proc. Fifteenth meeting, Sacramento, Sept. 2-7, 1907, p. 267. 



WATER EIGHTS AND APPROPRIATIONS. 133 

The public records were therefore incomplete at best and of little 
value to the general public. Under such a system, or rather lack of 
system, it was impossible to get reliable record evidence of title to 
water. Constructed works depreciated in value and litigation in- 
creased in volume as the streams became overappropriated. It was 
absolutely impossible for a prospective investor to ascertain how 
much of the water in any stream was necessary to satisfy vested rights 
or how much; if any, was available for new appropriations. Under 
such conditions development was so greatly retarded as to arouse the 
people of Oregon to the necessity of providing a comprehensive system 
of titles to water. 

The new water code became effective February 24, 1909. It does 
not rest upon any specific provisions of the State constitution but rests 
rather upon the police power of the State to regulate diversions from 
streams for the preservation of the peace and safety of the people. 
History has shown that without such State regulation endless strife, 
Utigation, and even bloodshed must inevitably result. 

These public waters are of two classes, first, those to which rights 
to use vested under the early customs and laws, and, second, those 
which were unappropriated at the time of the adoption of the new 
code. The new law deals with both classes and declares that ''all 
waters within the State from all sources of supply belong to the pubhc.'' 
There is a distinction between the ownership of the property in water 
itself and the ownership of a right to the use of certain waters. The 
law makes no provisions for the protection of navigation rights. It, 
however, can give but little relief in our border territory, as most of 
the streams rise in California, Nevada, Idaho, or Washington, and 
flow into Oregon. A few flow in the opposite direction, and some 
cross the line several times. There are many interstate difficulties 
which can not be settled by the Oregon law, no matter how favorable 
its provisions. These must await some action by Congress or some 
reciprocal legislation by the States interested. 

A board, of which the State engineer is chairman, was created to 
administer this public property. It is the duty of this board to ascer- 
tain and record all rights to the use of waters which became vested 
prior to the adoption of the new law; to grant rights for beneficial use 
in the State's unappropriated waters to those who make proper apph- 
cation therefor; to protect all recorded rights to the use of water by 
regulating diversions from streams. 

The creation of a central office, with almost complete power over 
water matters, and the limitation of franchises to the use of water for 
power purposes to a period of 40 years are perhaps the leading features 
of the Oregon law. Before discussing its operation in the order as 
outlined above, it appears advisable to give a few facts tending to 
show its value to the public. 



134 DESCHUTES KIVER^ OREGON. 

VALUE OF THE WATER CODE. 

A summary of the first three and one-half years' operation of the 
water code, ending December 1, 1912, shows the following results: 

The estimated cost of works to be constructed under permits issued 
by the State engineer is $44,366,425. The cost of all irrigation enter- 
prises constructed prior to the adoption of this law was $12,760,214, 
as shown by the recent Government census. 

Two thousand six hundred and eighty applications to appropriate 
water for various uses have been made during this period, only 1,746 
of which have so far been granted and become permits. 

There will be added to the State's resources 973,640 acres of irri- 
gated land and 176,978 additional developed horsepower if these pro- 
jects are all carried out as planned. The census for 1910 shows only 
686,129 acres irrigated in Oregon prior to that date. 

The permit holders paid to the State of Oregon prior to approval 
$47,592. This amount is $7,592 in excess of the total appropriation 
for the administrative work of the State engineer's department for 
four years. The system is, therefore, not only self supporting, but 
produces some revenue for the relief of the general taxpayer. 

One thousand and sixty-eight different rights to water have been 
defined and recorded by the administrative board during this period, 
affecting 106,686 acres of irrigated lands on 15 different streams, 
without a single appeal to the supreme court. Formerly almost every 
water case was appealed to the highest tribunal and the decision 
delayed many years. 

It is beheved that the foregoing facts clearly indicate that this 
definite State policy relating to water has already demonstrated its 
usefulness and that ultimately it will be found of inestimable value 
to Oregon. This system of water titles is the basis for all future 
development of our water resources, for without it neither private 
nor public funds could be invested with any degree of certainty. 

DETERMINATION OF OLD RIGHTS. 

It would be impossible to distribute water for the protection of 
vested rights or to ascertain how much water is unappropriated and 
available for new uses without a rehable record of aU vested rights 
to the use of water. 

The determination of these rights is one of the principal duties of 
the water board, composed of the State engineer and the superin- 
tendents of the two water divisions into which the State is divided. 

The United States District Court for Oregon in a recent opinion 
(Oct. 7, 1912), handed down in the determination of the relative 
rights from Silvies River (199 Fed., p. 495), says concerning this board, 
after discussing the procedure, that these adjudication proceedings 



WATEB RIGHTS AKD APPROPRIATIONS. 135 

are purely administrative in character until such time as ''the board 
has completed its examination, made its determination, and filed its 
report" with the circuit court for confirmation. 

Until the report is made and filed with the court there is no action or suit within 
the meaning of the (Federal) removable statute. It is a case where divers and sundry 
parties are entitled to use so much of the waters of a stream as they have put to bene- 
ficial use, and the purpose is to ascertain their respective rights by a simple, econom- 
ical, effective, and comprehensive proceeding, and is not a separable controversy 
between different claimants. 

I am also impressed [says the court] with the soundness of the view that a proceeding 
for the adjudication and determination of the rights to the use of the waters within 
the State, instituted and conducted as provided in the legislative act of 1909, is, in 
effect, a proceeding on behalf of the State through an administrative or executive 
board to have judicially settled, in an economical and practical way, the rights of 
various claimants to the use of the waters of a stream or source of supply and thus 
avoid the uncertainty as to water titles and the long and vexatious controversies 
concerning the same which have heretofore greatly retarded the material development 
of the State. 

While the board follows, where practicable, the usual legal pro- 
cedure, yet it is free to depart from such practice whenever neces- 
sary to facilitate action. It is not bound by the complicated legal 
rules of pleadings and of evidence. This freedom of action is be- 
lieved to account for its unprecedented success in the adjudication 
of these early rights. 

WATER-RIGHT CERTIFICATE. 

Upon final adjudication of each old right a certificate is issued to 
the owner and is recorded in the county courthouse. This water- 
right certificate is record evidence of title. Ultimately all old rights 
as well as new rights will be put upon the same basis and properly 
indexed for quick reference in the central office. They will also be 
published in tabular form by stream systems for the benefit of the 
water masters and the pubhc. 

The fundamental principles of a water right in Oregon are few and 
simple and are all embodied in the water-right certificate. They 
rest on beneficial use, qualified by priority of use, purpose of use, 
period of use, place of use, and quantity of water. 

Beneficial use is the basis of the right. Water monopolies, the 
barter and sale of water apart from the use, and speculating in water 
are all prevented by this fundamental principle. 

The priority is a date. In case of shortage the latest appropriator 
is shut off to protect those having prior rights. 

The purpose must be stated specifically — such as irrigation, power, 
domestic use, etc. Changes from one purpose to another without 
loss of priority should be prohibited as against public policy, because 
difi'crent amounts of water are consumed in difi'ercnt uses. Most 
changes seriously affect other rights below. 



136 DESCHUTES RIVER, OREGON. 

The period of use, whether for summer irrigation, winter storage, 
or for domestic purposes throughout the year, is an important 
qualification. 

The place of use is specifically defined to the nearest 40-acre sub- 
division. Changes in location affect return seepage, and if permitted 
would make all water titles unstable. The making of water appur- 
tenant to the place of use is the basis for the system of records. 

The quantity of water is the amount beneficially used, but the 
maximum limit must be fixed in each case, so that subsequent 
appropriators may have some guide as to the maximum limit of 
vested rights. 

The name and address of the owner and the name of the stream 
are also given in each certificate. 

THE GRANTING OF RIGHTS. 

The public record in the central office is kept up to date by the 
provision requiring aU applicants who appropriate water under the 
new law to make an application to the State engineer and secure a 
permit before taking any steps toward diverting water. It is made 
a misdemeanor to '^use, store, or divert any water until after the 
issuance of a permit to appropriate such water." 

Each apphcation must be accompanied by a map showing plan of 
construction, and no application wiU be approved for more water than 
can be put to beneficial use. The State engineer is authorized to 
limit an application to a less quantity of water than that applied for 
if there exists substantial reason for such limitation. An application 
may be denied where the proposed use conflicts with determined 
rights or is a menace to the safety or welfare of the public. 

Work must be begun within one year from the date of approval and 
be completed within a reasonable time thereafter as fixed in the per- 
mit, not to exceed five years. Additional time is allowed after com- 
pletion within which to apply the water to beneficial use, not to 
exceed four years for the largest project. 

Permits to appropriate water are divided into three classes: (a) 
Those for direct diversion of the regular stream flow; (h) those for 
the enlargement of existing works; and (c) those for the storage of 
water. A secondary permit must be taken out by anyone desiring 
to use stored water. The apphcation must be accompanied by doc- 
umentary evidence showing a permanent and sufficient interest in the 
reservoir to supply the necessary water. This arrangement is neces- 
sary for a proper distribution of water by the water masters. 

Annual proof must be filed to show compliance with law, and a 
water-right certificate is issued to the permit holder upon making 
final proof. This certificate grants only so much of the water, 
within the limits of his permit, as he has put to beneficial use. 



WATER RIGHTS AND APPROPRIATIONS. 13*7 

By this system an investor is fully protected during the period 
of construction and development. It is the purpose of the law to 
make definite and certain not only vested water rights but also 
those in process of development. The procedure for initiating new 
rights is simple and clearly set out in the law. 

PROTECTION OF RIGHTS. 

The primary object of this public record obtained through adjudi- 
cation proceedings by the water board and through the permit system 
as outlined above is to furnish a proper basis for the protection of 
water rights by the State. The accomplishment of this object fur- 
nishes at the same time the necessary basis for all future investments 
in works for the utilization of water. 

The responsibility of protecting vested rights in water is placed 
upon the same board which originally adjudicated the rights. This 
board is all the better fitted for this important task because of having 
thoroughly studied the situation in advance. To have the adjudica- 
tions made by the courts and the distribution made by the board would 
in many respects be undesirable. The adjudication proceedings are 
only incidental to the principal duty of the board in distributing 
water. This is a continuing task and the real work for which the 
administrative machinery was created. 

To facilitate the distribution of water, the State has been divided 
into two divisions, each under a superintendent. Each division is 
divided into districts as rapidly as rights are determined and the need 
arises. Each district is in charge of a water master, who reports to 
the division superintendent. 

It is the duty of these water masters to regulate the headgates of 
ditches so as to insure the delivery of water in accordance with estab- 
lished rights and to prevent waste. They have authorit}^ to make ar- 
rests for the diversion of water without right and to compel the instal- 
lation of necessary measuring devices and headgates. If a shortage 
occurs the ditch of the last appropriator is closed to protect prior 
rights. 

If water is stored at the head of a stream and the natural channel 
used to convey such water to the place of use, the water master 
must set all headgates so as to admit only the amount to which each 
is entitled in order to insure the delivery of stored water less the 
amount lost in seepage and evaporation. 

When a shortage occurs at any point along a stream that flows 
through one or more districts the fact is communicated by telephone 
to the water master of the district above, who must remedy the situ- 
ation if within his power. The old method of regulating streams by 
injunction proceedings before the courts was found to be slow, expen- 
sive, and entirely inadequate for the j)rotection of the water user. 



138 DESCHUTES RIVER, OREGON. 

PROTECTION OF PUBLIC INTEREST. 

The law makes it the ''duty of the board" not only to protect vested 
rights but also to protect the public interest in the granting of new 
rights. All applications which menace the safety or the welfare of 
the public or conflict with determined rights shall be referred to the 
water board for consideration. ''It shall be the duty of the board 
to enter an order directing the refusal of such application, if after 
full hearing, the public interest demands it." 

This feature of the law was upheld by the supreme court of Oregon 
in the case of Cookingham v. Lewis (114 Pac, 88). It marks a 
distinct advance in the matter of water law. It is believed this is 
the first case where the public interest under such a statute has been 
considered by the courts. 

RIPARIAN RIGHTS. 

Until the new water code was adopted there was much uncertainty 
as to whether the common-law doctrine of England or the statute-law 
doctrine of appropriation and use was the fundamental law of the 
State relating to water. 

The courts had uniformly held that litigants must stand upon their 
rights either as appropriators or as riparian owners; they could not 
do both. So when the legislature undertook to establish a definite 
State policy it had to choose between these two conflicting doctrines, 
for it could not prescribe that all streams should flow undiminished 
and unpolluted to the ocean to satisfy riparian landowners, and at 
the same time permit diversions for beneficial use under the doctrine 
of appropriation. 

Owing to the fact that "the necessities of the people require that 
water shall be diverted for irrigation and other beneficial uses, be- 
cause of the peculiarities of soil and climate," the doctrine of appro- 
priation for beneficial use was selected as the basis of the new water 
law. 

Because of these peculiarities of climate and soil it was apparent 
to the courts that the strict common-law doctrine established at the 
outset was inapplicable to conditions in Oregon. A gradual depar- 
ture from this doctrine has been in process until the present time, 
when a riparian right is considered of almost no practical value. 

The opinion of the supreme court of Oregon in the case of Hough 
et al. V. Porter et al. (98 Pac, 1083) clearly, as regards use for other 
than domestic purposes, abrogates the common-law rule respecting 
riparian rights as to aU lands settled upon or entered since March 3, 
1877, the date of passage by Congress of the desert-land act (J.9 Stat., 
377). 

This ca?e would indicate that the riparian rights for lands taken 
prior to such date was limited practically to the amount necessary to 



WATEE RIGHTS AND APPROPRIATIONS. 139 

satisfy the natural wants of man, as "every riparian owner, therefore, 
regardless of the date of settlement, is entitled to the quantity of 
water reasonably essential to his domestic use and for the watering 
of his stock, including sufficient supply for the proper irrigation of 
such garden produce as may be essential to the proper sustenance 
of his family." (Syllabus.) 

The effect of the case of Jones v. Conn (39 Oreg., 30) was substan- 
tially to abrogate riparian rights in Oregon as early as 1901. It was 
held in this case that the courts could not decree any specific quantity 
of water to a riparian owner. The right was fluctuating, depending 
on the reasonable use by all other riparian owners. In time it might 
be rendered of little value by other owners of riparian rights diverting 
and using their proportionate share of the stream. Riparian lands 
could be extended even beyond the watershed of the stream by sub- 
sequently purchasing adjoining lands. 

This decree did not suit either of the parties affected, as it was 
apparent that a right which could not be specifically defined could 
not be protected and was therefore of little value. Both parties 
accordingly petitioned for a rehearing. After spending about 
$20,000 in litigation to protect his riparian rights, one of the parties 
has since abandoned the common-law theory and become an appro- 
priator under the new law. 

Out of approximately 2,000 claims to water which have been filed 
in adjudication proceedings before the board, only four have claimed 
as riparian owners, and even these proved rights by appropriation. 
For all practical purposes the common-law doctrine of riparian rights 
can therefore be considered a dead issue in Oregon. 

STATE OR NATIONAL CONTROL. 

The present chaotic condition of titles to water appears to be due 
to the uncertainties arising from the division of control between the 
States and the Nation. For administrative purposes the drainage 
basin is the logical unit. State lines have been located, however, 
mainly without regard to drainage lines, and for this reason complete 
State control is impracticable. Complete Federal control appears also 
impossible for constitutional reasons. It is believed, however, that 
Congress has power at this time largely to put an end to this confusion 
by passing a comprehensive law regulating diversions from interstate 
and navigable streams, leaving to the State those matters which arc 
distinctly local. 

The State is supposed to exercise control over all streams within 
its borders, except as to navigability and related questions. I^iulor 
such theory New York State has provided that ''no waters of this 
State shall be diverted without the State." California has enacted a 
similar law. Such an unneighborly attitude between water usei's on 



140 DESCHUTES EIVER^ OREGON. 

streams within the State is the reason why State administrative 
codes have been enacted. Now that the waters of interstate streams 
are becoming overappropriated, we find the different States quarrehng 
as to its proper distribution, and the same reasons that have com- 
pelled the adoption of State water laws will ultimately compel the 
adoption of an interstate or national law. 

Where streams flow through or border on two or more States, each 
State is entitled to an ''equitable apportionment of benefits" of such 
interstate stream without regard to the statutes or laws of either 
State. While the doctrine of State control has been thus limited 
by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Kansas v. 
Colorado (206 U. S., 46), yet Congress has, up to the present time, 
enacted no positive legislation defining what shall constitute such 
equitable apportionment or how rights in the various States can be 
defined and protected, or how new rights to surplus waters can be 
definitely initiated without fear of subsequently being enjoined by 
users in a lower State. 

Pending such legislation we have a system of government by 
injunction. If the construction of a dam or an irrigation system in 
an upper State is found to affect detrimentally the flow in the lower 
State, the injured State or its citizens can resort to the Federal coiu-ts 
to enjoin the wrongful diversion. But there is no governmental 
body to whom the investor can appeal prior to the construction of 
his works to ascertain whether or not such proposed diversion is 
withiQ the law and, if so, to grant him a permit which will assure 
him adequate protection in his investment. 

This system of government by injunction is disastrous to progress. 
At best it is slow, expensive, and unsatisfactory, A court decree 
when rendered remains fixed and settles only the question in contro- 
versy, while conditions on either side of the State line are constantly 
changing through new diversions or through changes in channel 
due to floods. Such changes may render a court decree of no value. 

The State of Kansas attempted to enjoin alleged excessive diver- 
sions from Arkansas River in Colorado by a suit before the Supreme 
Court of the United States. After consuming eight years in the 
examination of 347 witnesses, the taldng of 8,559 typewritten pages 
of testimony, and the making of 122 exhibits at a cost of approxi- 
mately $200,000, no reUef was granted. The court found that diver- 
sions LQ Colorado materially depleted the flow in Kansas to the injmy 
of its citizens and said : 

At the same time it is obvious that if the depletion of the waters of the river by 
Colorado continues to increase there will come a time when Kansas may justly say that 
there is no longer an equitable division of benefits and may rightfully call for relief 
against the action of Colorado. 



WATER RIGHTS AND APPROPRIATIONS. 141 

Under such conditions of the law not only is further progress dis- 
couraged but the present value of existing works in Kansas is seriously 
affected, and large projects will not be undertaken in Colorado 
through fear of subsequently being enjoined by a court which might 
take a different view because of the new conditions which have arisen. 
In view of the enormous expenditure in time and money to secure 
the above decree, the State of Kansas or its citizens will endure great 
wrong before again resorting to the courts. The present system, 
because of the expense and delay of litigation, may result in a denial 
of justice as between States. 

If there is to be an equitable apportionment of benefits between 
States as to interstate waters, it appears that Congress is the only 
body now authorized to estabhsh rules by which such apportionment 
of benefits can be determined in advance. If Congress should pre- 
scribe that priority of appropriation and beneficial use should con- 
stitute an equitable apportionment of interstate waters as between 
States, it is quite probable that the Supreme Court of the United 
States would uphold such law on the ground that the question in- 
volved is one within the jurisdiction of the legislative branch. 

Such a law would apply to interstate streams whether navigable 
or not. It should also apply equally to all tributaries of such streams 
within the respective States, for it is only by controlling diversions 
along every section of the stream, including its source, that the water 
at any point can in practice be controlled. 

As to navigable waters, the United States without question has 
the right to enact '^all needed measures to preserve the navigabihty 
of navigable watercourses of the country even against any State 
action." (United States v. Rio Grande Dam & Irrigation Co., 174 
U. S., 690, 703.) 

If the jurisdiction of the General Government over interstate com- 
merce and its natural highways vests in such Government the right 
to control and preserve the navigabihty of navigable waters, it must 
follow by necessary impHcation that Congress can also exercise such 
control over the nonnavigable tributaries of such stream as is neces- 
sary to preserve such navigability. For without control of diversions 
and of flood-water storage on source streams, complete control of 
the navigabihty of a stream is impracticable. 

Between these two theories of State control and National control 
we thus find a vast twilight zone of uncertain authority, as there are 
but few streams within a State which are not navigable, or interstate, 
or tributaries of navigable or interstate streams. Only a few small 
streams along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and in the great mterior 
basin rise and terminate within a State. 



142 DESCHUTES EIVEE, OREGON. 

LAND COMPLICATIONS. 

Land ownership serves to complicate the water-right situation and 
thus widen this twihght zone of uncertain authority. With reference 
to water rights, all land entered since March 3, 1877, has in Oregon 
a status different from that of land entered prior to such date. The 
desert-land act of 1877 has been held in Oregon to abohsh riparian 
rights to all lands subsequently entered, whereas lands entered prior 
to such date seem to possess some theoretical advantage. This 
common-law right, however, is so indefinite as to be of no practical 
value, as no two court decisions can be found which agree as to the 
extent of riparian lands, what constitutes a reasonable use of water 
on such lands, or for what uses a common-law right attaches. These 
uncertainties, coupled with those arising from the facts that no 
specific quantity of water can be decreed by the court to a riparian 
claimant and that one can not claim both as an appropriator and 
also as a riparian owner, make such rights in Oregon of little practical 
value. 

Under the theory of State control Oregon has extended the right 
of eminent domain in certain cases, so that lands in private owner- 
ship can be condemned if necessary to permit the application of water 
to beneficial use. Public lands, however, can not be condemned 
under State laws. By referring to the section of this report dealing 
with water-power withdrawals, it will be observed that a very large 
percentage of the important water-power sites along Deschutes and 
Metolius rivers are now controlled by the United States, as but few 
dams can be constructed to an economical height without overflowing 
property of the United States. This property is held in the form of 
water-power withdrawals, Indian reservations, or national forests. 

FEDERAL CONTROL THROUGH LAND OWNERSHIP. 

There appears to be no very secure foundation for the theory of 
State control of waters on the public domain. Neither the act of 
1866 or the desert-land act of 1877 can be considered as an irrevocable 
grant to the State. The first act merely confirms rights which have 
become vested by appropriation and use under the local laws and 
customs, and the act of 1877 strengthens this view of the former act 
and, in addition, enacts that all surplus water, together with all other 
sources of water supply upon the public lands and not navigable, 
shall be held free for appropriation and use for three purposes — (1) 
irrigation, (2) mining, and (3) manufacturing. This is merely an offer 
and does not bind the United States until the offer is accepted and the 
water diverted and used for one of these purposes. 

Concerning this question of State control of waters on Federal 
lands, the Supreme Court of the United States held in the case of the 



WATEK EIGHTS AND APPROPKIATIONS. 143 

United States v. Rio Grande Dam & Irrigation Co. (174 U. S., 690, 
703) that— 

Although this power of changing the common-law rules as to streams within its 
domain undoubtedly belongs to each State, yet two limitations must be recognized: 
First, that in the absence of specific authority from Congress a State can not by its 
legislation destroy the right of the United States, as the owner of lands bordering on a 
stream, to the continued flow of its waters, so far at least as may be necessary for the 
beneficial use of the Government property; second, that it is limited by the superior 
power of the General Goveriunent to secure the uninterrupted navigability of all 
navigable streams within the limits of the United States. 

Kinney comments as follows: 

In other words, the court holds that the jurisdiction of the United States over the 
natural watercom-ses (upon the public domain) is superior and paramount to the juris- 
diction of any State ; and that all needed measm-es may be taken by the Government 
to preserve the watercourses of the country for at least the two purposes named above, 
even against the action of any State, in authorizing, under its laws, appropriations to 
be made. The court, especially in the Kansas-Colorado and Kio Grande cases, clearly 
intimates, to say the least, that the Government might also make other claims to the 
water than for its use for navigation or as a riparian owner. Whether it will do so 
time alone can tell.^ 

The Government is still the owner of the surplus of the waters flowing upon the 
public domain, or rather the owner of all the waters flowing thereon remaining after 
deducting the rights to the use of the same which have vested in and accrued in some 
legal way to individuals and companies. * * * 

It therefore follows as the result of the ownership by the United States of the waters 
flowing upon the public domain that any dedication by a State of all the waters 
flowing within its boundaries to the State or to the public amounts to but little in 
the face of any claim which might be made by the Government, at least to all the 
surplus or unused waters within the State. ^ 

Kinney states further that Congress could, if it saw fit, have laid 
claim to the necessary surplus water for projects constructed under 
the reclamation act by virtue of the fact that title to the surplus 
waters flowing over the public domain is in the Government, and not 
under the State laws, as was provided in section 8 of such act. 
Much confusion within the States may eventually result where Con- 
gress has reserved water for Indian reservations and which after many 
years has never been used by the Indians but has in the meantime 
been used by others below. 

It therefore appears from these authorities and from the wording 
of the acts in question that Congress could, if it saw fit, repeal at any 
time existing laws relating to water and adopt some new law for all 
surplus and unappropriated waters on the public domain. In such 
an emergency we would have divided control within the Western 
States to such an extent as to make any control impracticable except 
through the closest cooperation. 

I Irrigation and water rights, 2cl ed., p. 1096. * Idem, p. G02. 



144 DESCHUTES EIVER^ OREGON. 

INDIRECT CONTROL BY THE UNITED STATES. 

For all practical purposes the United States controls both land and 
water upon the '^public lands, forests, and other reservations" within 
the Western States for irrigation, power, and other beneficial uses. 

The '^regulations concerning rights of way through the public 
lands and reservations of the United States" issued by the Depart- 
ment of the Interior, March 1, 1913, and the regulations concerning 
water power in the ''Use book " of the Forest Service would be no more 
complete respecting power development had the United States full 
control and the States no control whatever over water. While these 
regulations deal only with the development of water power, under the 
provisions of the act of February 15, 1901 (31 Stat., 790), there 
appears to be no reason why these departments could not, for appli- 
cations made under the same law, issue other regulations imposing 
an annual charge and limiting franchises for the use of water for 
irrigation, domestic, and other purposes where any part of a reservoir, 
ditch, canal, or pipe line necessary for such use was located on Gov- 
ernment reserves. Most irrigation rights of way are, however, 
granted under the provisions of the act of March 3, 1891 (26 Stat., 
1095). 

The permits for water-power development, when issued, bind the 
permittee to construct the works in accordance with approved plans, 
to begin and complete construction within a fixed time, to operate the 
works, and to pay annually in advance a graduated rental charge per 
horsepower per annum, ranging from 10 cents to $1. For good cause 
a lower rental may be fixed. These permits by the terms of the 
statute must be revocable at the will of the Secretary but usually 
terminate in 50 years, unless renewed by application made not less 
than two years prior to such date of expiration. 

These restrictions are very much the same as those imposed by the 
State under water permits except for the revocable character of the 
Federal permit. The Federal regulations, however, require the 
applicant for right of way to present "a duly certified copy of such 
notice or application, if any, as is required to be posted or filed, or 
both, to initiate the appropriation of water imder the local laws." 
The State franchise limitation in Oregon is 40 years and different 
periods are prescribed within which the various steps to be taken in 
perfecting the water rights and those prescribed for perfecting the 
land rights must be taken. 

For years it was assumed that such rights of way were to be 
granted free to encourage development in the West, except perhaps 
for the payment for timber or other Federal property destroyed. 
Recently, under a new pohcy, this act has been construed to authorize 
the administrative departments to impose annual charges and other 
restrictions on the use of public land for power development. 



4 



WATER EIGHTS AND APPROPRIATIONS. 145 

If the State also adopts the revenue pohcy, as is the case in Oregon, 
there is a possibility that the combined charges will be so high as to 
make development impracticable in competition with fuel power. 
Under such a policy rates for electricity in the Pacific States may 
become higher than in many Eastern States, because of the higher 
price of coal used in competing plants. Those States having abundant 
water-power resources might, by excessive charges, be deprived of 
any special benefits therefrom, such as now accrue to other States 
through the presence of cheap coal. 

STATE WATER-POWER POLICY. 

Oregon is believed to be the first State in the Union to limit the 
term of all franchises for the use of water for power development and 
to impose an annual tax on the basis of each horsepower developed. 
These restrictions were adopted in 1909 and imposed only on new 
developments. In 1911 a smaU annual license fee was imposed on 
existing power plants, the revenue to be used primarily for the pur- 
pose of gathering information necessary to promote new developments. 
This measure was intended to afford full information as to the extent 
of vested rights. 

The first law limited franchises to the use of water for power devel- 
opment to a period of 40 years from the date of initiation of the right 
and required the payment of an annual tax, to be adjusted from time 
to time by the State water board. This tax is fixed at not less than 
25 cents nor more than $2 per horsepower per annum, depending on 
the percentage of power developed under the appropriation which is 
put to beneficial use. So far only the minimum fee has been assessed 
by the administrative authorities, which, with an assumed plant effi- 
ciency of 50 per cent, makes the tax only 12J cents per theoretical 
horsepower. The uncertainty as to whether the minimum or maxi- 
mum charge wiU be imposed by the State under this law has as serious 
effect on development as the revocable permit issued by the United 
States for power privileges on Government lands. 

The annual license fee is collected only from those plants which 
used water prior to the adoption of the power tax law in 1909 on the 
theory that State regulation of streams is necessary for the orderly 
development of the industry. This fee is graduated, being 10 cents 
for each theoretical horsepower claimed up to and including 100, 5 
cents for each horsepower from 100 to 1,000, and 1 cent for each 
horsepower in excess of 1,000. Municipal plants and other power 
plants of less than 25 horsepower are exempt. The revenue for 1912 
amounted to $3,550.86 and was expended largely on water-power 
surveys and investigations in cooperation with the United States 
Geological Survey, which contributed $3,000 for similar work in 
Oregon. This law is defective in that it does not reach those power 
48348°— wsp 344—14 10 



146. DESCHUTES RIVEE, OREGON. 

rights which were initiated prior to 1909 but on which no water was 
put to beneficial use until after such date. This is the class of claims 
of which a record was most desired. It was anticipated that a smaU 
annual fee would discourage many speculators and thus clear the 
field for legitimate development. 

The tax law mentioned above was based on the theory of revenue 
for the State treasury; the license law was based on the theory of 
development through the collection of information to encourage the 
industry. These two policies are directly antagonistic. It would 
thus appear that no weU-defined poHcy relating to water power has 
yet been adopted in Oregon. 

Several leading political organizations of the State have recently 
advocated a policy of development as opposed to revenue, as it is 
believed that the indirect benefits derived through the taxation of 
new wealth, through added fields of employment for labor, and 
through the comfort and convenience of our citizens, which will come 
with reduced electric rates, wiU far exceed any possible direct benefits 
from taxation. To carry out the development policy and compel the 
apphcation of excessive profits to the reduction of electric rates, it 
has been proposed by the Oregon Conservation Commission that the 
State construct enough plants to regulate the market and insure cheap 
prices. It is apparent to aU that the revenue poHcy advocated in the 
East, where water power is scarce, is not applicable to a sparsely 
settled State, where water power is abundant and taxable wealth is 
needed. 

We have in the streams of Oregon something over 3,300,000 horse- 
power, which is now running to waste. To produce this power in 
steam engines would consume 36,000,000 tons of coal annually, 
which, at $4 a ton, would be worth $144,000,000. We are begin- 
ning to appreciate the fact that this power is of no value unless put 
to use, that there is only a very small market at prevailing commercial 
prices, that the higher the tax the less power will be used and the 
lower the tax the greater the use, provided prices are based on cost 
of production rather than on the principle of all the traffic will bear. 
It is apparent that the using of all this power during the life of the 
present generation will be a benefit rather than an injury to pos- 
terity so long as franchises are limited to a reasonable period. 

RIGHTS ON DESCHUTES RIVER. 
PLAN OF DISCUSSION. 

Having outlined above the general nature of a water right under the 
old and the new laws of Oregon, and having disposed of the question 
of riparian rights, we are now in a position to discuss the water-right 
situation on Deschutes River and its tributaries. These rights will 
be summarized briefly under three heads, as foUows : 



WATER EIGHTS AKD APPROPEIATIONS. 147 

1. Eights initiated under the new water code since February 24, 
1909. 

2. Old rights which have been adjudicated and recorded under the 
new water law. 

3. Old rights which have not yet been adjudicated, and which are 
therefore more or less indefinite. 

Only the more important rights or claims will be discussed in detail. 
A summary will be presented at the close, giving an estimate of the 
total area irrigated in 1912. 

RIGHTS UNDER NEW WATER CODE. 

All rights to the use of water on Deschutes River or any other 
stream in the State which have been initiated since February 24, 1909, 
are on record in the office of the State engineer at Salem, Oreg. 

Up to December 1, 1912, a total of 183 permits have been approved 
by the State engineer, authorizing the diversion and use of water 
from Deschutes River and its tributaries. Of these permits 24 are 
for domestic supplies, 126 for irrigation, 16 for power projects, and 
17 for the purpose of storing water. 

These works when completed will cost $2,329,735 and will irrigate 
87,837 acres with 498 miles of main canals. A total of 11,702 horse- 
power will be developed and 153,507 acre-feet of water stored. The 
date for beginning construction, completing the same, and for 
applying the water to beneficial use is fixed in each case, and proof 
showing progress of work must be filed each year. 

To irrigate this land will require 1,098 second-feet at the rate of 
1 second-foot to 80 acres. Owing to the porous nature of the soil, it is 
believed that perhaps 50 per cent of this water will ultimately find its 
way back to the stream for use by lower appropriators. 

The principal permits for irrigation cover 12,560 acres near Sisters 
to be watered by storage in Blue and Suttle lakes at the head of 
Metolius River, the water to be conveyed across the low divide to the 
west and south of Black Butte; 11,627 acres to be watered by pump- 
ing plant from Opal Springs in T. 12 S., R. 12 E.; and 3,230 acres 
from Deschutes River in T. 15 S., R. 12 E. 

The proposed reservoir capacity is made up largely by the 32,300- 
acre-feet Wimer reservoir site located west of Laidlaw and to be filled 
by a short feed canal from Tumalo Creek, the 22,000 acre-feet of 
storage at the head of Metolius River in Blue and Suttle lakes, 
and 95,000 acre-feet to be stored in Crescent Lake, at the head of 
Deschutes River for the irrigation of 31,160 acres just south of the 
proposed Benham Falls reservoir. This latter right, however, is 
claimed also as of an early date by filing imder the old law. 

Water-power permits authorizing the development of 11,695 
horsepower have been approved under the new law. Two of the 



148 



DESCHUTES RIVER, OREGON. 



largest sites filed on are located in the deep canyon near the mouth of 
Crooked River and below the point where it is possible to divert water 
for irrigation. One of these projects contemplates the development 
of 5,000 horsepower in sec. 11, T. 12 S., E. 12 E., the other 1,000 
horsepower in sec. 11, T. 14 S., R. 13 E., and both are expressly 
limited in such a way that the applicants can not object to the sub- 
sequent diversions or storage of water for irrigation at points on the 
stream above. 

The only other power permit of importance was for the develop- 
ment of 5,000 horsepower at Pringle Falls, on the West Fork of 
Deschutes R-iver. This permit, however, has been involved in 
litigation and is believed to have been canceled by the court. 

OLD EIGHTS DETERMINED. 

All old rights to the use of water on Squaw, Tumalo, and Paulina 
creeks and Crooked River, including the tributaries of these streams, 
have been adjudicated and recorded under the new law. 

The present status of irrigation on these streams, as shown by the 
record, is as follows: 

Irrigation rights on Crooked River and Squaw, Tumalo, and Paulina creeks. 



Creek. 


Irrigated 
land. 


To be 
irrigated 
witnin 
fixed 
time. 


Total. 




Acres. 

27,960 

7,072 

3,058 

530 


Acres. 


Acres. 

27,960 

16,480 

28, 178 

704 


Squaw Creek 


9,408 

25, 120 

174 


Tumalo Creek 


Paulina Creek 








38,620 


34,702 


73,322 



The total area irrigated on these four streams is therefore 38,620 
acres. On three of these streams rights have been initiated for the 
irrigation of 34,702 acres in addition, but sufficient time has not 
yet elapsed within which completely to apply the water to use. 



OLD RIGHTS INDEFINITE IN SCOPE. 
RECORDS. 

All water rights which were initiated prior to February 24, 1909, 
and which have not yet been adjudicated are more or less indefinite. 
They are based either upon a notice and record in the county court- 
house or upon the actual diversion and use of water without such 
record. 

To examine the county records relating to Deschutes River and 
its tributaries would require a trip of approximately 1,550 miles, 



WATER EIGHTS AND APPEOPRIATIONS. 149 

starting from and returning to any one of the following 'county seats, 
^vhere some information is known to be recorded : Prineville, in Crook 
ZJounty; Moro, in Sherman County; The Dalles, in Wasco County; 
Eugene, in Lane County; and Klamath Falls, in Klamath County, 
rhe inconvenience of this system is in striking contrast with the new 
5ystem of a central office with reliable records. 

To illustrate the indefinite and almost worthless character of these 
30unty records a summary has been made of a part of the records in 
)ne of these counties. The recorded claims to the waters of Deschutes 
River and its tributaries above the town of Bend, in Crook County, 
done, amount in the aggregate to 61,000 cubic feet per second, or 
ibout 40 times the ordinary summer flow of the stream. 

Although most of these recorded claims can be disregarded, a few 
ire known to be alive, as work has been prosecuted with some degree 
)f diligence from the date of initiation of the right. On a number of 
)thers, one or two men have been continuously employed for a num- 
ber of years in an attempt to show diligence if such rights are ever 
questioned. On still others little if any actual work has been per- 
'ormed since 1909, but some form of litigation has been in progress 
vhich the claimant believes will operate to suspend the statutory 
•equirement of performing work with diligence to maintain the right. 

DESCHTJTES RIVER AT BEND. 

A careful examination of conditions discloses the fact that a 
lufficient number of these old filings have been kept alive to consume 
nore than the entire summer flow of Deschutes River at Bend for 
rrigation if all are carried to completion. 

Some of this water, however, must be allowed to pass Bend in order 
jO supply prior rights at Cline Falls, which are claimed by diversion 
md use without the posting of the usual notice. At this point a 
DOwer plant has been constructed of sufficient capacity to pump 
'or irrigation approximately 14 second-feet of water to a point 95 
'eet above the river. This power water has also been fully appro- 
priated for irrigation by ditches which it is proposed to construct from 
;he foot of Cline Falls to irrigate lands on both sides of the river below. 

Water rights at Bend are somewhat complicated by the recent 
jonstruction of a 14-foot dam across Deschutes River for the devel- 
)pment of power. This dam serves also to maintain a pond for the 
storing of logs in connection with a sawmill. 

At the present time only a small part of the available flow is being 
itilized owing to the limited power market. If, however, this 
narket should increase in the next five or six years so as to require 
:he entire flow of the stream, it is apparent that no further divei*sion 
)r storage, other than by those having prior rights, would bo possi- 
dIo except through purchase or condemnation of this power plant. 



150 DESCHUTES RIVER, OREGON. 

Adjoining Bend on the east side of the river is a tract of land 
approximately 12 miles wide by 25 miles long, which will ultimately 
be irrigated by a system of canals now in process of construction by 
the State under the provisions of the Carey Act. Water for this 
system will be diverted from the river through two intakes, one of 
which is located about 4 miles south of Bend, or above the power 
plant, the other about 1 mile below this power plant. During 1912 
approximately 15,878 acres were irrigated in this project. On its 
completion and the putting of water to beneficial use in accordance 
with present plans, about 450 second-feet of water will be diverted . 
at the intake south of Bend, and 880 second-feet at the intake north 
of Bend, or a total of 1,330 second-feet. The water for this latter 
diversion can be utihzed for power, as it must pass over the dam at 
Bend and can stiU be made available for irrigation below. The 
water diverted above Bend will diminish to that extent the power 
value of the Bend plant, as the right for irrigation is beUeved to be 
prior in time. These figures as to vested rights to water represent 
only the judgment of the writer based upon a field investigation. 

Besides these two large canals, there are two others, which contem- 
plate the ultimate irrigation of about 9,000 acres each, in the vicinity 
of Bend. These rights, together with a few small rights which are 
believed to be vested, can, when completed, utiUze a total of 1,600 
second-feet of water in the vicinity of the town of Bend. This is 
approximately 25 second-feet in excess of the mean flow during 
August, as averaged for a seven-year period, without allowing for 
water necessary to satisfy rights at Cline Falls. 

BENHAM FALLS SEGREGATION. 

It is proposed to irrigate a 75,000-acre tract, containing about 
60,000 acres of irrigable land, located in a compact body approxi- 
mately 20 miles east of Bend, by a canal from Deschutes River, di- 
verting water near the head of Benham Falls. This project is Imown 
as the Benham Falls Carey Act segregation. Water is claimed 
under the old law from the regular flow of the stream for about 10,000 
acres, or 143 second-feet, the balance to be stored in what is known 
as the Crane Prairie reservoir site, on the West Fork of Deschutes 
River. A 40-foot dam 2,000 feet long wiU submerge at this site 
8,290 acres of land and store 187,000 acre-feet of water, if available. 

Most of the return seepage from these irrigation projects in the 
vicinity of Bend will find its way into Crooked River to the north; 
little will return to Deschutes River between Bend and Cline Falls. 

ABOVE BENHAM FALLS. 

The most important unadjudicatod right to water above Benham 
FtiUs is that claimed by the Deschutes Land Co. for the irrigation of 



WATER EIGHTS AND APPROPEIATIOKS. 151 

31,000 acres which has been segregated to the State in Tps. 21, 22, 
and 23 S., R. 10 E., for reclamation under the Carey Act. Water 
for this tract will be obtained partly by direct diversion from the 
East Fork of Deschutes River but largely by storage in Crescent 
Lake at the head of the stream. A 30-foot dam at the outlet of 
this lake wiU store 92,000 acre-feet of water. It is beUeved that 
fully 20 per cent of the 510 second-feet of regular flow and stored 
water, ultimately to be apphed to this tract between May 15 and 
September 1 of each year, will return as seepage to the stream during 
such period, which amount will approximately equal the regular low- 
water flow. This project so far as its effect on lower rights is con- 
cerned can therefore be disregarded. 

POWER FILINGS. 

A number of large water-power filings were made under the old 
law near the mouth of Deschutes River, and are claimed still to be 
in good standing, although little actual work appears to have been 
done. It is said that these sites have been involved m litigation 
for a number of years and that these uncertainties have made con- 
struction work impossible. Even if such claims are ultimately held 
to be invaUd, the value of these sites for power development can not 
be seriously impaired by subsequent diversions above for irrigation, 
as practically all the large claims in the vicinity of Bend are already 
prior in time and no other extensive appropriations are possible 
except for water storage. 

A filing on Pringle Falls in T. 21 S., R. 9 E., on the West Fork of 
Deschutes River, may detrimentally affect the storage of water at 
the proposed Crane Prairie reservoir site, or in Odell Lake, or in other 
basins on the headwaters of this stream. This claim has been in- 
volved in litigation for some time. Its exact status may be difficult 
to ascertain until such time as a comprehensive adjudication of all 
rights on Deschutes River has been carried to completion. 

The proposed diversion of Odell Lake by tunnel through the crest 
of the Cascade Mountains for the development of power on Salt 
Creek, a tributary of the Middle Fork of Willamette River, is one of 
those cases in which the public is vitally concerned. This project 
proposes that water sufficient for the irrigation of perhaps 30,000 
acres would be transferred from one basin, where irrigation is essen- 
tial to the production of crops, to another where irrigation is not 
absolutely necessary. The increase in taxable wealth, resulting from 
the use of this water for power development in the Willamette Val- 
ley, would be small compared with that resulting from its use for 
both irrigation and power in Deschutes Valley. Probably 50 per 
cent of the water used for irrigation will return to the stream for 



152 DESCHUTES EIVER^ OREGOlSr. 

still further duty in irrigation or power development below. This 
appUcation was made under the old law, but if it were made under 
the new water law it could be denied upon the ground that it is a 
menace to the general welfare of the pubHc. 

Aside from these large irrigation and power projects in process of 
constructioD, the extent of whose claims to water are more or less 
indefinite, it is believed that no other great uncertainties exist. The 
total area of land now irrigated through small ditches from the many 
tributaries of Deschutes River other than those mentioned above 
is unknown but will probably not exceed 15,000 acres. The stream- 
discharge records now available show the amount of water at different 
points in this district which remains after such land has been irrigated. 

SUMMARY OF IRRIGATION RIGHTS. 

It therefore appears that there was a total of about 70,000 acres of 
land actually irrigated by Deschutes River and its tributaries during 
1912, as follows: 

Acres. 

State Carey Act projects near Bend 15, 878 

Arnold and Swalley ditches, near Bend (estimated) 2, 000 

Crooked River and its tributaries 27, 960 

Squaw Creek 7, 072 

Tumalo Creek 3, 058 

Paulina Creek 530 

All other projects (estimated) 13, 502 

70, 000 

Water rights have been initiated under the old law for the irrigation 
of a large additional acreage and work is now progressing on these 
projects with more or less diligence, as follows: 

Acres. 

On adjudicated streams 34, 700 

On Carey Act projects near Bend, State segregation lists 6 and 19 . 77, 220 

Arnold and Swalley ditches, near Bend 16, 000 

Benham Falls segregation 60, 000 

Deschutes Land Co. , above Benham Falls 31, 000 

All other projects (estimated) 10, 000 

228, 920 

Permits have been issued under the new law for the irrigation of 
56,677 acres from Deschutes River and its tributaries, after deducting 
the claim of the Deschutes Land Co., which is filed under both the old 
and the new laws. 

The total area in process of reclamation is therefore approximately 
285,600 acres. It is doubtful if water rights for all this area will 
ever attach under the present date of filing or claim, and it is beheved 
that some of the water thus appropriated will eventually revert to 
the public and be subject to reappropriation. 



WATEE RIGHTS AND APPROPRIATIONS. 163 

APPLICATIONS PENDING. 

In addition to water permits as summarized above, there are now 
pending before the State engineer's department for water in this 
basin 41 appHcations, which will be acted upon as soon as surveys are 
complete and the necessary information furnished as required by law. 

Definite action on a number of large water-power filings on the 
main stream between Benham Falls and the mouth of Metolius 
River has been suspended several years because of uncertainties. 

If all the irrigation projects in the vicinity of Bend are ultimately 
completed in accordance with present plans, there will be no water 
left in the summer months for these prospective power plants. 
Furthermore, if these irrigation projects are not completed and the 
water becomes available to satisfy subsequent power permits which 
have been approved, it would practically defeat for all time the 
irrigation of several hundred thousand acres of land in Crook County. 
It is believed that such a condition would menace the weKare of the 
public within the meaning of the statute to such an extent as to 
warrant the State engineer in referring such applications to the water 
board for consideration as to the public's interest in the matter. 
Such board has power to direct the refusal of these applications if 
public interest demands. 

NEW USES FOR CHEAP POWER. 

Within the last few years many new uses for large amounts of 
cheap power have been discovered. Where it costs $40 to $60 per 
horsepower per annum to produce power in large steam engines, it 
can be produced under favorable conditions from falling water at $7 
to $15 per horsepower per annum. At such low prices for electric 
power the manufacture of aluminum, carborundum, calcium carbide, 
and many other products in the electric furnace has been made a 
commercial success. The electric production of iron and steel appears 
now to be safely beyond the experimental stage. Fertilizer is now 
being made by extracting nitrogen from the air by the use of elec- 
tricity. Cheap power can be used in many chemical processes, such 
as the making of oxalic acid from wood waste. It can be used in the 
home for the production of light, for cooking, for ironing, and, under 
Favorable conditions, for heat. Many uses have been found for 
Blectricity on the farm and it is even claimed that electricity properly 
applied will greatly stimulate plant growth. The pumping of water 
for irrigation on any extensive scale depends upon the ability to 
procure a permanent supply of cheap power. 

The rapid development along these lines is well illustrated by the 
Norwegian nitrate industry. In 1903 25 horsepower and foiu- men 
were employed in the making of artificial fertilizer from the air; in 



154 DESCHUTES RIVEE, OREGON. 

1911 200,000 horsepower and 2,000 men were employed to keep pace 
with the demand for these products. 

It would require a capital investment of about $860,000,000 to assure the production 
of an amount of Norway saltpeter equal to that now consumed by the civilized world, 
assuming that sufficient cheap water power were available.^ 

The rapidity with which the electric furnace has been perfected 
for the production of iron and steel opens up another field for the 
utihzation of cheap water power. 

Three tons of pig iron per electric horsepower-year has been pro- 
duced in Sweden, and Prof. Richards, of Lehigh University, believes 
that with a large furnace of perhaps 100 tons daily capacity as much 
as 5 tons per horsepower-year can be produced.^ 

These new and rapidly developing industries wherein large quan- 
tities of cheap electric power can be used should not be overlooked 
in the framing of a State and national water-power policy. The 
maximum State charge of $2 per horsepower-year may not prove a 
serious handicap where the wholesale rate for power is $40 to $80 per 
horsepower-year, whereas it may be prohibitive for those plants 
attempting to supply power to the new industries which can not 
afford to pay more than $7 to $15 per horsepower-year. 

There is much power in Oregon which can be developed and sold in 
the vicinity of the power plants at such low prices. 

COOPERATION. 
METHODS. 

Owing to the joint control of both land and water resources by the 
State and the Nation and to the inadvisability of either the State or 
the United States attempting independently to carry out a compre- 
hensive policy, it appears advisable that these agencies cooperate not 
only for the investigation of irrigation and power projects but also in 
the construction of such projects. 

Because few if any large irrigation projects can be found in the 
State where the land is largely in pubUc ownership, the United States 
reclamation act has about reached the limit of its usefulness to Oregon 
unless the Government is willing to undertake large projects where 
the lands are principally in private ownership. 

It will doubtless be conceded that money invested within a State 
from the reclamation fund is not a gift to that State. It is made a 
lien on the land benefited and must be paid back in time, including 
interest, for that portion obtained from the $20,000,000 bond issue, 
voted by Congress to supplement the reclamation fund. Since these 
funds are inadequate to meet all demands, it seems that the State 

> Norton, T. H., Utilization of atmospheric nitrogen: Dept. Commerce and Labor, Bur. Manufactures 
Special Agent series No. 52, p. 76, 1912. 
2 Eng. Soc. Western Pennsylvania Proc. for March, 1912, p. 96. 



WATER RIGHTS AND APPROPRIATIONS. 155 

directly benefited should not hesitate to extend its credit in supplying 
additional funds. This can be accomplished without increasing the 
burden of taxation, as the full investment with interest must eventu- 
ally be returned to the State. 

For seven years the State of Oregon has been cooperating with the 
United States Geological Survey in stream gaging, water-power inves- 
tigations, and making topographic maps. In 1912 $56,000 was 
expended jointly on such work, each party contributing equally. 
No friction has resulted, and the work has been carried out more 
economically and efficiently than could have been accomplished by 
the State alone. This successful experience has suggested the plan 
of extending cooperation to include another department under the 
Secretary of the Interior. The plan, though involving larger expen- 
ditures, is therefore not an experiment and is the logical outgrowth of 
former experience. 

Cooperation with the United States Reclamation Service in irriga- 
tion investigations was authorized in February, 1913, and $50,000 
was appropriated for the purpose. An equal amount was allotted 
from the reclamation fund within a few days thereafter by Secretary 
Fisher, and on May 5, 1913, a contract was executed between the 
State engineer and Secretary Lane providing for the joint expenditure 
of such funds. 

This contract provides that the State engineer shall withdraw the 
necessary water and the Secretary of the Interior the necessary land 
for the protection of the projects under investigation. The informa- 
tion collected will be published eventually in order to stimulate 
development by either private or public funds. The plans and 
water rights for any project or unit thereof will be turned over for 
construction to an irrigation district or other organization satis- 
factory to the people interested on repayment to the State and the 
United States of the cost of such investigations and the giving of 
assurance that the work will be carried out in harmony with the 
public interest. If it is undertaken by public funds, the State's share 
of the cost must be returned to a revolving fund to be used for similar 
investigation of other projects. 

The usual promoters' profits will thus be eliminated, as full informa- 
tion, secured by the State and National authorities, will be available to 
private capital in all parts of the world. If the project looks attrac- 
tive, capital can thus deal directly with the interested parties without 
the necessity for paying promotion costs. 

If private capital can not thus be enlisted, the information will be 
available so that the necessary constitutional amendment and laws 
can be enacted whereby the credit of the State can be advanced to 
accomplish the work. It is common practice for a city to lend its 
credit for the construction of street and other municipal improve- 



156 DESCHUTES EIVEK^ OREGON. 

ments, and no reason of public policy appears why the State should 
not do likewise for the construction of those projects which are beyond 
the reach of its citizens and which are the basis for the future growth 
and prosperity of the State. 

In voting millions of dollars for such new enterprises the people 
must be assured that the money will be wisely expended and 
eventually returned with interest. To do this will require a stable 
and experienced organization which can follow the work closely 
throughout a long period of years. Not until every dollar con- 
tributed is returned can the venture be considered a financial success. 
Constant shifting of responsible officers in such complicated work is 
sufficient to cause disaster. 

To obtain the advantages of an organization free from local influ- 
ences, it may be advisable that the States cooperate with the Nation 
in the construction of such projects. The United States reclamation 
act has now been in successful operation for more than 10 years 
and its work has been generally carried on with success. It would 
be much easier to expand this organization than to create a new one 
which would doubtless repeat all the mistakes that are necessarily 
attendant on the starting of a new organization. The work could 
be carried out by the Secretary of the Interior acting in cooperation 
with a State officer. It is beheved that the construction of both 
irrigation and power projects on a large scale can be brought about 
more quickly through such a plan of cooperation than by each State 
acting apart from the Federal Government. It is believed that by 
this plan of cooperation the friction which now exists between those 
favoring State control and those favoring national control will soon 
die out. 

ADVANTAGES OF COOPERATION. 

The average cost of water per acre under irrigation projects of the 
United States Reclamation Service is claimed to be less than that 
under similar projects built by private capital, and the difference is 
accentuated by the better quality of Government work, better drain- 
age provisions, and more dependable water supply. 

When it is remembered that the total excavation by the United 
States Reclamation Service on the 8,325 miles of irrigation canals and 
ditches constructed in the various western States up to December 31, 
1913, exceeded that for the Culebra section of the Panama Canal, it 
becomes apparent that the United States must have a well organized 
and efficient machine to carry on this work.^ 

''The United States Reclamation Service gets more actual work 
for a dollar than do the Harriman lines," according to H. T. Corey, an 
engineer who for 8 years was connected with the Harriman lines in 

» See Eng. Record, July 11, 1914, p. 58. 



WATER RIGHTS AND APPROPRIATIONS. 157 

California, Arizona, and Mexico.^ This statement was based on 
knowledge as to costs on the Salt River, Yuma, and Orland projects 
of the Government. 

It would thus appear that to divide the risk and insure safety in the 
investment' of funds, the States desiring to facilitate the development 
of irrigation could not do better than at least to start out in coopera- 
tion with this larger and more experienced organization. 

Irrigation by pumping can never be made a success until long-time 
contracts for electric power can be obtained at very low rates. The 
experience of irrigators under gravity canals in watching the water 
rates increase with their ability to pay has caused many western 
States to make water appurtenant to land, thus doing away with 
the common carrier canal. Not only the water but also the power 
must be tied to the land for successful irrigation with pumps. 

The advantages of cooperation in the development and distribu- 
tion of power to municipalities should be apparent to those who favor 
municipal control, as all the economies of a great electrical system, 
with its different plants operating under varying water conditions 
and varying loads will be made available to the cities. For several 
years such a plan has been in operation in the Province of Ontario, 
Canada. Power is purchased from private companies at Niagara 
Falls at $9 per horsepower per annum and is now supplied to over 
30 cities at $15 to $40 per horsepower per annum. The local 
distribution of the power by the cities increases these prices some- 
what to the consumer. It is reported that Toronto, with a popula- 
tion of 400,000, located 90 miles from the Falls, is now being sup- 
plied with power at $15 per horsepower per annum. As a conse- 
quence of such low rates the use of power has greatly increased and 
the various communities have made rapid growth because of the 
establishment of new industries. 

UNIFORM STATE LAWS. 

Uniform State laws and reciprocity between the States in granting 
the use of water has been suggested as a solution of water-right diffi- 
culties. This plan, however, seems impracticable and does not 
overcome the question of divided control with the United States. 

Without some powerful and uniform pressure from outside the State 
there is little likelihood of ever obtaining uniformity in State laws. 
Reciprocity might give temporary relief in adjoining States, but 
many streams flow through or border three or more States, thus 
complicating matters. 

Even in adjoining States reciprocity has not worked well. In 1911 
the State of Oregon authorized the diversion of water for use in 

1 Am. Soc. Civil Eng. Trans., vol. 76, p. 718, Dec, 1913. 



158 DESCHUTES RIVER, OREGON. 

adjacent States. Idaho refused to pass a similar measure, and 
recently its supreme court, in the case of Bailey v. Robison, held 
strongly to the doctrine of State control and refused permission 
to divert water to Montana after a ditch had been constructed under 
a permit issued by the State engineer. California at the same time 
passed a law prohibiting the diversion of water for use outside the 
State. 

After all the effort which has been made in the Western States to 
secure an equitable apportionment and distribution of the water 
resources, it is apparent that a satisfactory solution has not yet 
been reached. There are many problems which vitally affect con- 
ditions within the State but which are beyond its control and which, 
if unsolved, will vitally affect the peace, safety, and general welfare 
of the Nation. 

NEEDED LEGISLATION. 

There is great need at the present time for a thorough over- 
hauUng of all State and national laws relating to water to the end 
that the present confusion and uncertainties be eliminated. No 
plan of stream control can be successful unless it is in harmony with 
the laws of nature and is framed with the idea of overcoming not 
only legal but also physical difficulties. The stream basin is the 
logical unit for administrative purposes, therefore joint control by 
the State and Nation will probably eventually prevail. Some 
problems must doubtless be left exclusively to the State for solu- 
tion, while others come more properly within the scope of the National 
Government. 

The question as to the right of the United States to derive revenue 
from water-power development in the West or on navigable streams 
in the East and the necessity of adopting some comprehensive plan 
for the control of Mississippi River may require solution in the near 
future. Even in the Eastern States it can not be said that rights 
to all the pubUc waters have become vested and nothing remains to 
be accompUshed by legislation, for the riparian owners can not 
require that the devastating floods in the Ohio, Mississippi, and other 
rivers continue. If the various States and the nation contribute for 
the construction of reservoirs, there must be some law estabhshing 
and protecting priorities in reservoir flood-water rights, just as we 
have in Oregon for any storage project. The point at which these 
reservoii's must cease storing water for power or navigation must be 
designated each season by some interstate or National administrative 
officer in accordance with such law for the protection of prior riparian 
or vested power interests, and those using such stored water when 
released should pay in proportion to the benefit, if any special privi- 
lege is derived. This will necessitate the determination and recording 



RELATION OF GOVERNMENT TO DEVELOPMENT OF POWER. 159 

)f existing rights as a basis for protection and also as a basis for new 
ievelopment. 

In the Western States the serious compUcations arising in the 
equitable apportionment of benefits as to interstate waters will 
compel in the near future some action by Congress. 

In other words, there is great need for the adoption by Congress of 
lome comprehensive administrative system relative to interstate and 
lavigable waters corresponding in character to that needed for the 
(stabUshing and protecting of rights within a State. Such a system 
;an be estabUshed without in any way injuring vested rights but for 
heir benefit and protection, and it can be made to conform with the 
varying laws in the different States. In many Eastern States and 
nost Western States the ordinary flow of most streams is fuUy appropri- 
Lted, and some flood water and storage rights have been estabhshed. 
Ls these storage rights increase in number, size, and importance the 
lifflculties which are now agitating the West can be anticipated in the 
East. The same law, therefore, which applies to the West should be 
uade to apply also to the East. 

CHE RELATION OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TO 
THE DEVELOPMENT OF WATER POWER IN THE DES- 
CHUTES BASIN. 

ByW. B. Heroy. 

LEGAL BASIS FOR FEDERAL CONTROL. 

Federal control of water-power development and its electrical 
ransmission rests on the constitutional prerogatives of the General 
jovernment ^Ho regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among 
he several States and with the Indian tribes" and 'Ho dispose of and 
aake all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or 
>ther property belonging to the United States." Through the first 
Lrises its control over navigable waters and water-power develop- 
aent incidental thereto, which has been referred to by Mr. Lewis. 
>ince Deschutes River is not regarded as a navigable stream, a dis- 
cussion of the powers of the Federal Government in regard to naviga- 
ion is not germane to the present report. The control of interstate 
commerce vested in the United States might be exercised if the water 
)ower generated were transmitted across State Unes. There are no 
mportant power markets in other States within practicable trans- 
nission distance of the Deschutes water powers and, in fact, power 
lev eloped on White Salmon River in Washington is transmitted 
nto the State for use in the city of Portland and vicinity. It appears 
)robable therefore that the United States will have no relation to 
;ho situation from this view point. 

The power of Congress to control the disposition and use of pubUc 
ands is, however, of the utmost importance in relation to the future 



160 DESCHUTES EIVER^ OEEGON. 

utiKzation of the water-power resources discussed in this report. The 
Federal Government holds pubUc lands both as sovereign and as 
proprietor. As sovereign its property is alienable only with its con- 
sent. Guaranties have without exception been inserted in the 
enabling acts creating the various States and in their various con- 
stitutions, maintaining the integrity of its control of public lands 
against possible encroachments by States or individuals. Thus public 
lands are not subject to condemnation except where such condemna- 
tion may have been authorized by Congress, and they may be appro- 
priated only in so far as the Federal statutes direct. Because of the 
ownership by the United States the lands are also free from taxation 
by the State. In its capacity as proprietor the United States may 
do with its land all things which any other proprietor may do, and the 
lands of the United States have all the appurtenances which the lands 
of any other owner may have. 

When public lands are adjacent to watercourses, their rights in 
the water flowing in the adjacent streams are, as has been suggested 
by Mr. Lewis, somewhat indefinite. It seems clear, however, that 
under the act of July 26, 1866, and under the desert-land act of 1877, 
Congress has sanctioned the appropriation of the waters flowing over 
pubhc lands subject to State and local regulations. Where such 
appropriations have actually been made and the water put to bene- 
ficial use in accordance therewith, lands still in public ownership may 
have thereby been deprived of a certain portion of the absolute prop- 
erty right originally appurtenant to them in waters flowing over or 
past them. But since the authority to appropriate the waters of the 
public lands is purely permissive it is also clear the Congress may 
at any time resume complete control of the unappropriated waters or 
legislate to any needed extent regarding them. In such a case State 
statutes or local regulations relating to the unappropriated waters 
would of necessity become ineffective in so far as they might conflict 
with congressional enactments. The resumption of complete control 
over imappropriated waters flowing over pubUc lands would, however, 
as Mr. Lewis suggests, create a dual system of control without appar- 
ent advantage to the State, the General Government, or the public 
generally. 

The chief relation which the public lands bear to the present prob- 
lem arises from the fact that it is necessary to utilize portions of them 
for the emplacement of structures, and to overflow other portions as a 
result of construction of dams. In both of these cases the consent of 
the United States is necessary. This consent may be given by Con- 
gress in a general enactment not requiring administrative action by 
the officers of the Federal Government. On the other hand, Congress 
may empower the administrative oflicers to authorize the use of the 
public lands for the purposes needed. Frequently the concurrence 



EELATION.OF GOVEKNMENT TO DEVELOPMENT OF POWER. 161 

of both the legislative and executive branches is necessary, Congress 
defining the extent of the rights to be acquired, specifying the class 
of grantees, and fixing the conditions under which the grant is to be 
used, and the executive branch determining compUance with the 
statute and compatibility with public interest before making the grant 
effective by approval. 

The earliest act of Congress dealing with rights of way across public 
lands for the utilization of water is section 9 of the act of July 26, 1866 
(sec. 2339, R. S.). This act is of the first type above mentioned. 
Its language is broad and general in character, the terms describing 
the various purposes for which the water could be used being espe- 
cially inclusive. All rights to occupy the public lands for ditches and 
canals rested upon this act until the passage of the act of March 3, 
1891 (26 Stat., 1095), relating to rights of way for irrigation and the 
act of May 14, 1896 (29 Stat., 120), relating to rights of way for the 
development of electric power. 

The question as to the effect of the passage of these later acts on 
the acquirement of rights under the act of 1866 has been much dis- 
cussed. Though the Supreme Court has not yet been called upon to 
decide the question, the decision of the United States court of appeals 
of the eighth circuit in a case relating to the statute (United States v, 
Utah Power & Light Co.), filed November 14, 1913, is at present 
controlling. Because of its complete exposition of the relations of 
these various acts and of the powers of the Federal Government it is 
here inserted in full: 

The United Sta.tes brings its bill of complaint against the appellee, defendant below, 
by which it seeks perpetually to enjoin said defendant from maintaining, in whole or 
in part, an alleged unlawful and tortious possession and occupancy of certain public 
lands in Cache County, State of Utah, now forming a part of the Cache National Forest. 

Appellee is a corporation organized for the purpose of supplying electrical power to 
all who may desire to purchase and use it. Since December, 1900, it, and its prede- 
cessor in interest, have been engaged in the continuous operation of certain hydro- 
electrical power works, situated on Logan River in the county and State aforesaid. 
These works comprise a reservoir and a flume or conduit for conveying the flow of 
water from the reservoir to the power works, pressure pipes and power-house station, 
all equipped with the necessary machinery and apparatus. The reservoir, flume, 
and conduit are situated wholly upon and within the lands of the United States. 

It is alleged in the bill that the defendant power company holds no permission for 
the construction, maintenance, or use of said reservoir, flume, or conduit, nor any 
permission or authority to occupy or use said lands for the purpose stated from the 
United States or from any of its officers duly empowered by law to issue or grant the 
same; this, of course, stands admitted. Appellee claims to have acquired whatever 
rights it possesses under and by virtue of the customs, laws, and decisions of the State 
of Utah, as recognized and confirmed by section 9 of the act of Congress of July 26, 
1866, appearing as section 2339 of the Revised Statutes, as follows: 

"Whenever, by priority of possession, rights to the use of water for mining, agricul- 
tural, manufacturing, or other purposes, have vested and accrued, and the same arc 
recognized and acknowledged by the local customs, laws, and the decisions of courte, 
48348°— wsp 344—14 11 



102 DESCHUTES RIVEK, OREGON. 

the possessors and owners of such vested rights shall be maintained and protected in 
the same; and the right of way for the construction of ditches and canals for the pur- 
poses aforesaid is hereby acknowledged and confirmed : Provided, however, That when- 
ever, after the passage of this act, any person or persons shall, in the construction of 
any ditch or canal, injure or damage the possession of any settler on the public domain, 
the party committing such injury or damage shall be liable to the party injured for 
such injury or damage." 

The Government claims: (1) That rights of way for power companies can not be 
acquired under this act, because such companies and their purposes were not con- 
templated by Congress at the time of the enactment of these laws, and were not, there- 
fore, within the intent and meaning of those acts. (2) That in any event Congress has 
since made specific and comprehensive provisions defining the procedure by which, 
and the extent to which, the use of the public lands may be granted and acquired for 
the purposes of generating, manufacturing, and distributing electric power; that this 
legislation withdraws such uses from the terms of section 2339 of the Revised Statutes, 
if they were ever included therein. The legislation referred to is that of May 14, 1896, 
29 Statutes, 120, which reads as follows: 

^^Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America 
in Congress assembled, That the act entitled 'An act to permit the use of the right of 
way through the public lands for tramroads, canals, and reservoirs, and for other pur- 
poses,' approved January twenty-first, eighteen hundred and ninety-five, be, and the 
same is hereby amended by adding thereto the following: 

''Sec. 2. That the Secretary of the Interior be, and hereby is, authorized and em- 
powered, under general regulations to be fixed by him, to permit the use of right of 
way to the extent of twenty-five feet, together with the use of necessary grounds, not 
exceeding forty acres, upon the public lands and forest reservations of the United 
States, by any citizen or association of citizens of the United States, for the purposes 
of generating, manufacturing, or distributing electric power." 

The Government's position is that this act, of subsequent adoption, making specific 
and comprehensive regulations respecting a subject conceived to be embraced within 
the terms of the prior more general act, withdraws that subject from the operation of 
the former act to the extent to which it is governed by the special provision and is 
pro tanto a substitute for the general statute formerly governing the subject matter. 
Under the authority of this act the Secretary of the Interior fixed and promulgated 
general regulations; and it is contended that since that time, as against the United 
{States, no rights could be acquired in the public lands for purposes of generating, 
manufacturing, or distributing electric power except in conformity with the act of 
1896 and the procedure thus established. The exclusive control of Congress over the 
disposition of the public lands is asserted. The alleged rights of appellee were 
attempted to be created since the passage of the act of 1896, and the regulations pro- 
mulgated thereunder, to wit, December, 1900. 

A motion to dismiss, substituted under the new equity rules for demurrer, was filed 
by appellee. The court below, being of opinion that the defendant had title to a 
right of way for its pipe lines and reservoirs under section 9 of the act of July 26, 1866, 
and was, therefore, under no obligation to proceed under the subsequent legislation, 
sustained this motion and dismisses the bill. 

It is suggested, rather than insisted, that appellant is not entitled to equitable 
relief, because its remedy at law is complete and adequate. This point, though 
raised in the briefs for appellee, was not urged at the oral argument. While eject- 
ment would seem to afford adequate relief, nevertheless the proceeding in equity 
has been recognized and approved. (United States v. Brighton Ranche Co. (C. C. A.), 
2() Fed., 218; Liglit v. United States, 220 U. S., 523.) However, we agree with the 
trial judge that under the new equity rules the objection, if well taken, does not 
justify a dismissal, and that the question, therefore, need not be determined. 



RELATION OF GOVEENMENT TO DEVELOPMENT OF POWEE. 163 

From the briefs the claira of right asserted by appellee would seem to be twofold in 
its nature. First, that the power company is entitled to be maintained and pro- 
tected, so long as it may desire, in the use of rights of way over the public land, which 
it claims to have acquired for the purpose of putting water to a beneficial use under 
the customs, laws, and decisions of the State of Utah, as recognized and confirmed 
by section 9 of the act of Congress of July 26, 1866 (Rev. Stat., sec. 2339); that by 
said act and by the construction and use of its reservoir and flume, it has permission 
of the highest and most solemn kind from the United States Government to occupy 
the land in question. Second, that it is protected in its tenure because that tenure 
is authorized by the laws of the State of Utah, exercising sovereign and exclusive 
jurisdiction with respect thereto. 

The proposition that absolute and perpetual rights in the public lands may be 
acquired for private gain by mere appropriation without purchase or compensation, 
and in the exercise of a State sovereignty which transcends the constitutional power 
of the Congress, is a somewhat startling one, and must be considered first. The 
Constitution of the United States (art. 4, sec. 3) provides that "Congress shall have 
power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the terri- 
tory or the property belonging to the United States." This is the supreme law of the 
land and embodies an express grant of power to the National Government. (Light v. 
United States, 220 U. S., 537; Kansas v. Colorado, 206 U. S., 89.) It has been con- 
strued to mean that title and rights in and to the public lands are created by the acts 
of Congress, and must be governed by their provisions whether they be hard or 
lenient, and that no rights whatsoever can be obtained in the lands of the United 
States except as Congress may consent. (Rector v. Ashley, 6 Wall., 142; Frisbie v. 
Whitney, 9 Wall., 187; Emblem v. Lincoln Land Co., 184 U. S., 660; Wilcox v. Jack- 
son, 13 Peters, 498; Jourdan v. Barrett, 4 How., 169; United States v. Chicago, 7 How., 
185; Butte City Water Co. v. Baker, 196 U. S., 126; Kansas v. Colorado, 206 U. S., 
46; Light t;. United States, supra.) After quoting this provision of the Constitution 
the Supreme Court, in Jourdan v, Barrett, at page 184, said: 

"For the disposal of public lands, therefore, in the new States, where such lands 
lie, Congress may provide by law; and having the constitutional power to pass the 
law, it is supreme; so Congress may prohibit and punish trespassers on the public 
lands. Having the power of disposal and of protection. Congress alone can deal with 
the title, and no State law, whether of limitations or otherwise, can defeat such 
title." 

Wilcox V. McConnel [Jackson] dealt with public lands within the State of Illinois. 
Concerning the asserted power of the State to legislate respecting the title to such 
lands within its borders the court said : 

"The effect of this would be, not that Congress had the power of disposing of the 
public land, and prescribing the rules and regulations concerning that disposition, 
but that Illinois possessed it. That would be to make the laws of Illinois paramount 
to those of Congress in relation to a subject confided by the Constitution to Congress 
only. And the practical result in this very case would be, by force of State legisla- 
tion, to take from the United States their own land, against their own will, and against 
their own laws." 

In Camfield v. United States (167 U. S., 518) it was held that the Government of 
the United States may legislate for the protection of its lands, though such legislation 
may involve the exercise of the police power; and may complain of and take stops 
to prevent acts of individuals, in fencing in its lands, even though done for the pur- 
pose of irrigation and pasturing. In the opinion Mr. Justice Brown, speaking for the 
court, said: 

"While the lands in question are all within the State of Colorado, the Governniont 
has, with respect to its own lands, the rights of an ordinary proprietor, to maintain 
its possession and to prosecute trespassers. It may deal with such lands precisely as a 



164 DESCHUTES RIVEK^ OREGON. 

private individual may deal with his farming property. It may sell or withhold them 

from sale. It may grant them in aid of railways or other public enterprises. It may 
open them to preemption or homestead settlement; but it would be recreant to its 
duties as trustee for the people of the United States to permit any individual or pri- 
vate corporation to monopolize them for private gain and thereby practically drive 
intending settlers from the market." 

In Light V. United States, supra, the United States had suffered its public lands to be 
used for pasturage; and there thus grew up a sort of implied license that those lands 
might be used so long as the Government did not withdraw its consent. The court 
held that the "failure to object, however, did not confer any vested right on the 
complainant, nor did it deprive the United States of the power of recalling any 
implied license under which the land had been used for private purposes." It held, 
further, that the "United States can prohibit absolutely or fix the terms on which 
its property may be used. As it can withhold or reserve the land, it can do so indefi- 
nitely." But it is profitless to discuss further this asserted power of the State to dis- 
pose of interests in the public lands, even though it were admitted that the subject 
otherwise admits of discussion, in view of the express stipulation that such lands 
shall remain at the sole and entire disposition of the United States. The act enabling 
the people of Utah to form a constitution and State government imposes the condition: 

"That the people inhabiting said proposed State do agree and declare that they 
forever disclaim all right and title to the unappropriated public lands lying within 
the boundaries thereof; ^ * * and that until the title thereto shall have been 
extinguished by the United States, the same shall be and remain subject to the dis- 
position of the United States." (Compiled laws of Utah, 1907, p. 29.) 

And in the constitution of Utah subsequently adopted this provision was incorpo- 
rated in terms and became a part of the organic law of that State. (Constitution of 
Utah, art. 3, sec. 2, Compiled laws of Utah, 1907, p. 45.) Concerning a similar pro- 
vision in the Minnesota constitution, the Supreme Court has said : 

"The provisions of the enabling act and the State constitution, before referred to, 
secure to the United States full control of the disposition of the public lands within 
thelimitsof the State. ^ * * It would be a part of the power reserved in Congress 
to determine the terms and conditions upon which title should effectually pass from 
the Government." (Stearns v. Minnesota, 179 U. S., 223-251.) 

That a power may be injuriously exercised is no reason for a rnisconstruction of the 
scope and extent of that power. The Government of the United States has shown 
no disposition to deal unjustly with the States, nor with their citizens in this respect. 
(Stearns v. Minnesota, supra, p. 243; Oceanic Steam Nav. Co. v. Stranahan, 214 U. S., 
320.) We must conclude, therefore, that the power of Congress to dispose of and make 
all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging 
to the United States, including rights of the nature here involved, is supreme; and 
in conferring upon the Secretary of the Interior power to establish such rules and regu- 
lations as may be necessary to supplement the legislation Congress acts within its 
constitutional power. (United States v. Grimaud, 220 U. S., 506; Light v. United 
SUtes, 220 U. S., 523; Oceanic Steam Nav. Co. v. Stranahan, 214 U. S., 320.) The 
exertion by Congress of a power which is granted in express terms must supersede all 
legislation over the same subject by the States. (Michigan Central R. R. Co. v. 
Vreeland, 227 U. S., 59-66; St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway Co. c. 
Hesterly, 228 U. S., 702; Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. Hefley, 158 U. S., 
98-104.) 

To sustain its contention, therefore, appellee must point to some express grant by 
the Government, or at least to subsisting legislation from which the grant may be 
inferred, or by which its claims have been recognized and preserved. It must be 
conceded at the outset that statutes granting privileges of relinquishing rights of the 
public are t-o be strictly construed against the grantee. (Wisconsin Central Railroad 



RELATION OF GOVEENMENT TO DEVELOPMENT OF POWER, 165 

Co. i;. United States, 164 U. S., 190; Camfield v. United States, 167 U. S., 518; United 
States V. Minidoka & Southwestern Railroad Co. (C. C. A.), 190 Fed., 491.) Appellee 
relies upon the ninth section of the act of July 26, 1866, now section 2339 of the Revised 
Statutes. It is important to consider the nature and extent to confer [differ] or to 
confirm as the case may be. In Jennison v. Kirk (98 U. S., 453) the Supreme Court 
of the United States had occasion to examine that act with this consideration in 
mind. Speaking through Mr. Justice Field, it said: 

''The position of the plaintiff's counsel is, that of the two rights mentioned in 
this section, only the right to the use of water on the public lands, acquired by priority 
of possession, is dependent upon local customs, laws, and decisions of the courts; 
and that the right of way over such lands for the construction of ditches and canals is 
conferred absolutely upon those who have acquired the water right, and is not subject 
in its enjoyment to the local customs, laws, and decisions. This position, we think, 
can not be sustained. The object of the section was to give the sanction of the United 
States, the proprietor of the lands, to possessory rights, which had previously rested 
solely upon the local customs, laws, and decisions of the courts, and to prevent such 
rights from being lost on a sale of the lands. * * * 

"It merely recognized the obligation of the Government to respect private rights 
which had grown up under its tacit consent and approval. * * * 

" Whilst acknowledging the general wisdom of the regulations of miners, as sanc- 
tioned by the State and molded by its courts, and seeking to give title to possessions 
acquired under them, it must have occurred to the author, as it did to others, that if 
the title of the United States was conveyed to the holders of mining claims, the right 
of way of owners of ditches and canals across the claims, although then recognized by 
the local customs, laws, and decisions, would be thereby destroyed, unless secured 
by the act." 

It will thus be seen that this legislation constituted no grant of specific rights by 
the Congress of the United States. The efficiency of local customs, laws, and decisions 
to supersede the disposing power of Congress is denied. The purpose was to con- 
firm title to possessions acquired under forms and regulations sanctioned by the State 
and molded by its courts, with the acquiescence and tacit encouragement of the 
Government. The act "was rather a voluntary recognition of a preexisting right of 
possession, constituting a valid claim to its continued use, than the establishment of 
anew one." (Broder-y. Water Co., 101 U. S., 274; Atchison i;. Peterson, 20 Wall., 
607-512.) In view of the express power conferred upon Congress by the Constitution, 
and reserved to it by the organic law of the State of Utah, it can not be successfully 
urged that such legislation committed the Government to a policy that should be irrev- 
ocable. (Light V. United States, 220 U. S., 523-533; Gutierres v. Albuquerque 
Land & Irrigation Co., 188 U. S., 545; United States v. Rio Grande Dam & Irrigation 
Co., 174 U. S., 690.) In the latter case it was expressly held that the act of September 
19, 1890, did operate to modify and restrict section 2339. The court said: 

"As this is a later declaration of Congress, so far as it modifies any privileges or 
rights conferred by prior statutes it must be held controlling, at least as to any rights 
attempted to be created since its passage; and all the proceedings of the appellees in 
this case were subsequent to this act." 

It remains then to consider whether the Congress, prior to any possession acquired 
by appellee, had withdrawn or limited the recognition accorded by the act of July 
26, 1866, to such extent that appellee may not rely upon that act in defense of this 
action. 

As has been stated, the Government's position is that the act of May 14, 1896, and 
the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, by making specific and compre- 
hensive provision respecting a subject, to wit, the generation, manufacture, and dis- 
tribution of electric power, conceived to be embraced within the terms of the prior 
and more general act, withdraws that subject from the opemtiou of the former act to 



]66 DESCHUTES RIVER, OREGON. 

the extent to which it is governed by such special provision and is jpro tanto a substi- 
tute for and repeal of the general statute which formerly governed. It is a well- 
settled principle of construction that specific terms covering a given subject matter 
will prevail over general language of the same or another statute which might other- 
wise prove controlling. (Kepner v. United States, 195 U. S., 100; Jackson v. Chi- 
cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Co. (C. C. A.), 178 Fed., 432; Gilkeson v. Mis- 
souri Pacific Railway Co., 222 Mo., 173.) 

''If the two are repugnant in any of their provisions, the latter act, without any 
repealing clause, operates to the extent of the repugnancy as a repeal of the first; and 
even where two acts are not in express terms repugnant, yet if the latter act covers 
the whole subject of the first, and embraces new provisions, plainly showing that it 
was intended as a substitute for the first act, it will operate as a repeal of that act." 
(United States i;. Tynen, 11 Wall., 88-92; Daviess v. Fairbairn, 3 How., 636; Tracy 
V. Tuffly, 134 U. S., 206-223.) 

The doctrine is very comprehensively stated in Hawkins v. Bare, 63 W. Va., 431, 
60 S. E. Rep., 391-393. It is there said: 

" Neither the intention to substitute, nor the intention to create an exception from 
the general law, depends upon inconsistency between the new or special act and the 
old or general act, in the sense of repugnancy in terms. It is inconsistency in point 
of intention, an obvious, but unexpressed, repugnancy. It is a mere question of 
whether the legislature intended to make a complete law governing the subject 
matter. If that be apparent, there is a substitution or an exception, as the case may 
be, although there is no express repeal, exception, or substitution; and the two acts 
might be combined by making the later or special one an addition to the older or gen- 
eral one, and treating it as an amendment, whereby a different result would be ob- 
tained. In every case of this kind the two courses are open to the court. Both acts 
may be allowed to stand and operate together by treating the later or special one as 
an amendment, and certain results thereby obtained, or the new or special act may 
be considered a substitute or exception, and the old or general statute thereby set 
aside either wholly or partially, and a different result so obtained; and the doubt is 
always resolved by the character and carried into effect." 

The Government does not contend that section 2339 of the Revised Statutes has been 
wholly repealed, but merely that the subsequent act of 1896 has withdrawn from the 
operation of that section the subject of generating, manufacturing, or distributing 
electric power, the manner of acquiring rights of way over the public lands for those 
purposes, and the nature and extent of such rights. We think this contention is 
sound. The terms of the original statute are broad enough to include the specific 
form of manufacture now under consideration. (Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust 
Co., 158 U. S., 601-632.) Control over the disposition of the public lands and all 
rights and interests therein remain unimpaired in the Congress. Evidently that body 
perceived that the time had come when changed conditions and the complex interests 
and relations of our national life demanded that, with respect to this particular form 
of industry, the application of the former act, as worded and construed, should be 
modified and restricted; therefore, it enacted the subsequent legislation. (United 
States V. Rio Grande Dam & Irrigation Co., 174 U. S., 690-708; Camfield v. United 
States, 167 U. S., 518-524.) 

There can be no doubt that Congress intended to and did assume complete control 
of the subject matter and made and authorized specific and comprehensive provisions 
respecting it. This appears not only from the act in question but from other legis- 
lation connected therewith and supplemental thereto. (Act of Mar. 3, 1891, 26 Stat., 
1095; act of Jan. 21, 1895, 28 Stat., 635; act of May 11, 1898, 30 Stat., 404; act of Feb. 
15, 1901, 31 Stat., 790; act of Feb. 1, 1905, 33 Stat., 628; act of Mar. 4, 1911, 36 Stat., 
1283, 1253.) Laws passed subsequently to appellee's possession can not of course 
affect any vested rights thorotoforo acquired, but they are pertinent as reflecting and 



RELATION OF GOVERNMENT TO DEVELOPMENT OP POWER. 167 

revealing the purpose of Congress throughout this legislation. The acts of 1891, 1901, 
and 1911 contain express provisions for revocation or forfeiture; in that of 1891 is 
found this exception : 

"The privilege herein granted shall not be construed to interfere with the control 
of water for irrigation and other purposes under the authority of the respective States 
or Territories." 

Obviously, that act was not intended to interfere with the operation of section 2339; 
but no such proviso is found in the act of May 14, 1896. That of May 11, 1898, contains 
this clause: 

Said rights of way may be used for purposes of water transportation, for domestic 
purposes, or for development of power, as subsidiary to the main purpose of irrigation. 

It will thus be seen that Congress has wisely adapted and molded its legislation to 
meet the requirements of irrigation in a "dry and thirsty land." 

The result is that whatever rights to burden the public lands may have been recog- 
nized or confirmed by section 2339 of the Revised Statutes, those involving the gen- 
eration, manufacture, and distribution of electric power have been withdrawn, modi- 
fied, and restricted by the subsequent act of May 14, 1896. This later legislation 
became effective prior to the initiation of appellee's claim. The power company 
has not availed itself of the provisions of this later statute; therefore its rights, if any, 
are subordinate to those of the Government. The decree below must be reversed 
and the case remanded for further proceedings in accordance with the views herein 
expressed. 

This decision makes it incumbent on those seeking to utilize the 
public lands for rights of way for water-power development to acquire 
rights of way under the specific acts which control. The specific pur- 
pose of each is explained by Mr. Grover in the following section. 

Inasmuch as any control by the Federal Government of water- 
power development on nonnavigable streams, such as the Deschutes, 
rests on the ownership of public lands, it has become a well-established 
national policy to retain in public ownership land essential to such 
power development. 

WATER-POWER WITHDRAWALS. 
DEVELOPMENT OF POLICY. 

Widespread public interest was first focused on the disposition of 
water powers by two messages of President Roosevelt to Congress in 
April, 1908, and January, 1909, vetoing special acts conferring fran- 
chises for the development of water power on the ground that ade- 
quate provision for the protection of the interests of the general pub- 
lic had not been incorporated therein. His attitude toward the dis- 
position of water power was also expressed in a letter to the Senate 
Committee on Commerce on March 13, 1908, in which he states: 

No right involving water power should be granted to any corporation in perpetuity, 
but only for a length of time sufficient to allow them to conduct their business profit- 
ably. A reasonable charge should, of course, be made for valuable rights and privi- 
leges which they obtain from the National Government. , The values for which this 
charge is made will ultimately, through the natural growth and orderly development 
of our population and industries, reach enormous amounts. A fair phare of the increase 
should be safeguarded for the benefit of the people from whose labor it springs. 



168 DESCHUTES EIVER, OREGON. 

While this question of legislative policy was being discussed, ad- 
ministrative action for the purpose of preventing the alienation 
of water power was in progress. The Reclamation Service, under 
instructions from Secretary Garfield, recommended for his approval 
withdrawals affecting approximately 3,500,0 acres along western 
rivers in the period from December 4, 1908, to February 27, 1909. 
These withdrawals had their legal basis in part in the general powers 
of the Secretary of the Interior as the supervisor of the public lands, 
and in part in the authority conferred by the reclamation act (act of 
June 17, 1902, 32 Stat., 388) to withhold from disposition public 
lands necessary to reclamation projects. The Forest Service, in the 
period from March to August, 1908, similarly recommended the with- 
drawal as administrative sites of a large number of small tracts 
within or near national forests, which were believed to occupy stra- 
tegic positions with relation to future power development. The pur- 
poses of these administrative sites as regards power was not, however, 
generally apparent until March 2, 1909, when Secretary Garfield rec- 
ommended their withdrawal from all entry except under the right-of- 
way acts, thus specifically holding them for use in connection with 
irrigation and power development. This was one of the last acts of 
Secretary Garfield's administration. 

His successor. Secretary BalHnger, undertook almost immediately 
the consideration of the water-power situation and directed his atten- 
tion to the advisability of retaining in force the first form and ad- 
ministrative withdrawals approved by Secretary Garfield. Fearing as 
a result of his investigation that the withdrawals rested on no secure 
statutory foundation, he directed their revocation, with the result 
that in April, 1909, nearly all the withdrawn lands were restored to 
entry. Strong opposition to this action developed almost immedi- 
arely, however, with the result that it was reconsidered. On April 
23, 1909, after a conference between the Secretary, the Director of the 
Reclamation Service, and the Director of the Geological Survey, the 
latter was directed to ''make an investigation of water-power sites 
on the public domain outside of national forests, which are not in- 
cluded within withdrawals for reclamation projects, with a view to 
securing at the next session of Congress legislation to control and 
regulate their disposition." Investigations were immediately under- 
taken by the Geological Survey along the lines directed, and as a 
result large areas of public lands controlling streams valuable for 
power development were promptly withdrawn. These withdrawals 
were styled "Temporary power site withdrawals," and were in terms 
in aid of legislation. The first of these withdrawals on Deschutes 
River reads as follows: 



HBLATION OF GOVERNMENT TO DEVELOPMENT OF POWER, 169 

Department of the Interioe, 
United States Geological Survey, 

Washington, June 29, 1909. 
The Secretary of the Interior. 

Sir: In accordance with your instructions of April 23, I have the honor to submit 
the following recommendation, which involves 6,716 acres, 987 acres being entered 
land: 

TEMPORARY POWER-SITE WITHDRAWAL NO. 26. 

(Deschutes River, Oreg.) 

In aid of proposed legislation affecting the disposal of the water-power sites on the 
public domain, all public lands in the following list are temporarily withdrawn, pend- 
ing examination, from all forms of entry, selection, disposal, settlement, or location, 
and all existing claims, filings, and entries are temporarily suspended. All valid 
entries heretofore made may proceed up to and including the submission of final 
proof, but no purchase money will be received nor final certificate of entry issued 
until further orders. 
(Willamette Principal Meridian.) 
(List of Lands.) 

Very respectfully, (Signed) H. 0. Rizer, 

Acting Director. 
Approved June 30, 1909, and sent to General Land Ofiice. 

(Signed) Frank Pierce, 

Acting Secretary. 

During the next session of Congress consideration was given to 
the entire subject of withdrawals of public land, and as a result a 
general act was passed — the act of June 25, 1910 (36 Stat., 847) — 
authorizing the President to make withdrawals. A special act (36 
Stat., 855) was passed on the same day as sees. 13 and 14 of the 
Indian appropriation act, authorizing the Secretary of the Interior 
to withdraw water-power sites on Indian reservations. Almost im- 
mediately after the passage of the general withdrawal act the Presi- 
dent confirmed, under its provisions, all outstanding withdrawals. 
This order, dated July 2, 1910, reads as follows: 

Department op the Interior, 
United States Geological Survey, 

Washington, July 1, 1910. 
The Secretary of the Interior. 

Sir: In. accordance with your instructions, I recommend the withdrawal for water- 
power sites of the following areas: 

order of withdrawal. 

It is hereby ordered that those certain orders of withdrawal, made heretofore (listed 
by date and numbers) and including the lands more particularly described and set 
forth below, be, and the same are hereby ratified, confirmed, and continued in full 
force and effect, and the lands reserved for water-power sites, subject to all of the pro- 
visions, limitations, exceptions, and conditions contained in the act of Congress en- 
titled "An Act to authorize the President of the United States to make withdrawals in 
certain cases," approved June 25, 1910: 
(List of lands.) 

Very respectfully, 

Geo. Otis Smith, 

Director. 



170 DESCHUTES RIVER, OREGON. 

July 1, 1910. 
Respectfully referred to the President with the recommendation that same be 

approved. 

R. A. Ballinger, 

Secretary. 
Approved July 2, 1910, and referred to the Secretary of the Interior. 

Wm. H. Taft, 
President. 

The act of June 25, 1910, made certain exceptions to the force of 
withdrawals in that it excluded bona fide settlements, homestead, and 
desert land claims, and mineral claims, except coal, oil, gas, and 
phosphate, from its operation. The act of August 24, 1912 (37 Stat., 
497), amended the act in its relation to mineral claims, so that 
only metalliferous mineral deposits were excepted from its operation. 
Since this amendment there has been no legislative action by Congress 
upon this subject. 

WITHDRAWALS IN THE DESCHUTES BASIN. 

The first withdrawals with a view to utilization or control of the 
water power by the Government were not made until 1906. In con- 
nection with the John Day project of the Eeclamation Service, lands 
along Deschutes Eiver in T. 2 S., K. 15 E.; T. 3 S., K. 15 E; T. 1 S., 
R. 16 E.; and T. 2 S., R. 16 E., were withdrawn on April 25 of that 
year, and in connection with the Umatilla project lands in T. 1 N., 
R. 15 E.; T. 2 N., R. 15 E.; and T. 1 N., R. 16 E., were withdrawn 
on June 25, 1906. These withdrawals, made in accordance with the 
authority of the reclamation act, were in the first form, from all dis- 
position, since the Reclamation Service proposed to use the power 
developed at sites on the Deschutes for pumping water for irrigation. 
They are now in force. 

On recommendation of the Director of the Reclamation Service, 
Secretary Garfield withdrew on October 24, 1908, under the first form, 
reclamation act, the lands adjacent to the Deschutes and MetoHus 
rivers from T. 4 S., R. 14 E., to T. 11 S., R. 9 E. This withdrawal 
was not among those revoked by Secretary BaUinger. 

After the Geological Survey was authorized to make investigations 
and recommend withdrawals of water-power sites, the status of lands 
along the Deschutes River was investigated, and certain tracts which, 
though included in the first form reclamation withdrawals for the 
John Day and Umatilla projects, were entered land and not affected by 
the withdrawal, were withdrawn for power purposes. In addition, 
the withdrawal of lands along the Deschutes was extended to include 
lands in Tps. 11 to 15 S., R. 12 E. This withdrawal, temporary 
power site withdrawal No. 26, was approved by the Acting Secretary 
on June 30, 1909. On December 30, 1909, the mthdrawal under the 
first form, reclamation act of October 24, 1908, was, by the Secretary's 



RELATION OF GOVERNMENT TO DEVELOPMENT OF POWER. 171 

order, changed to temporary power site withdrawal No. 66, certain 
lands not valuable for power development or in private ownership 
being eliminated. 

On July 2, 1910, these withdrawals, as well as others then outstand- 
ing in the Deschutes basin, were confirmed and continued, subject to 
the provisions of the withdrawal act of June 25, 1910 (36 Stat., 847). 
A withdrawal of the lands along Deschutes and Metolius rivers in the 
Warm Springs Indian Reservation which appeared to be valuable for 
power development was made in accordance with the provisions of 
the special withdrawal act relating to Indian reservations (act of 
June 25, 1910, 36 Stat., 855, 858) on November 1, 1910. 

Other withdrawals and restorations, based upon a growing knowl- 
edge of the water-power resources of the basin and of the particular 
lands which are necessary for or may be utilized for this development, 
have been made more recently. The following table lists withdrawals 
and restorations in the Deschutes basin in the order of their approval, 
and gives the approximate acreage of each. For completeness, the 
outstanding withdrawals under the reclamation act are also included. 

Withdrawals for the control of water power in the Deschutes basin. 



Description of order. 



Reclamation act, first form, John Day project 

Reclamation act, first form, Umatilla project 

Reclamation act, Deschutes and Metolius rivers, power purposes 

Temporary power site withdrawal No. 26, Deschutes River, Greg 

Temporary power site withdrawal No, 62, White River, Greg , 

Temporary power site withdrawal No. 63, Crooked River, Greg 

Temporary power site withdrawal No. 68, upper Deschutes River, 
Greg. 



Temporary power site withdrawal No. 66, Deschutes and Metolius 
rivers, Greg , 

Temporary power site withdrawal No. 125, Deschutes River No. 2. . , 

Power site restoration No. 24, upper Deschutes River , 

Indian power site reserve No. 2. Deschutes and Metolius rivers 

Power site restoration No. 25, Crooked River 

Power site reserve No. 288, Deschutes River 

Modification of power site reserve No. 66, Deschutes River 

Power site reserve No. 334, Deschutes River No. 4 

Modification of power site reserves Nos. 66 and 125, Deschutes River. 

Reclamation act, first form, Columbia southern project 

Power site reserve No. 294, Deschutes River and tributaries (Indian 
reservation) 

Power site reserve No. 412, Deschutes River and tributaries (No. 6).. 

Modification of power site reserve No. 66, Deschutes River, Greg 

Power site reserve No. 425, Crooked River 



Date of ap- 
proval. 



Apr. 25,1906 
June 25,1906 
Get. 24,1908 
June 30,1909 
Nov. 16,1909 
do 



Nov. 20,1909 



Dec. 

Mar. 

Get. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Sept. 

Get. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

July 



30,1909 

18, 1910 

27, 1910 

1,1910 

1,1910 

23,1912 

8, 1912 

27, 1913 

21,1913 

23,1913 



Get. 8, 1913 

Jan. 2, 1914 

Jan. 13,1914 

Mar. 9, 1914 



Approx- 
imate 



with- 
drawn. 



Approx- 
imate 



restored. 



24, 960 




13,600 




34, 735 




6,716 




2,682 




20,820 




3,262 




14,139 
2,240 


20,596 




1,990 


12,534 




18, 740 


80 






106 


41 






160 


45, 120 




61,840 




1,960 






16 


1,400 





Withdrawals in force under reclamation act of June 17, 1902 83, 680 

Withdrawals in force under general withdrawal act of June 25, 

1910 (36 Stat. , 847) 45, 067 

Withdrawals in force under Indian withdrawal act of June 25, 

1910 (36 Stat., 855, 858) 74,374 



Total withdrawals in force for reservation of water power. . 203, 121 



172 DESCHUTES RWER, OREGON. 

Power site withdrawals outstanding on March 1, 1914/ are indicated 
on Plates XXVI, XXVII, XXVIII. 

The areas shown are the gross areas withdrawn and no attempt 
has been made to indicate the status of the withdrawn lands. It 
is known that the withdrawals included some areas of entered land 
and a few tracts have doubtless passed to patent since the orders 
were issued, under the special provisions of the withdrawal act. 
By far the greater part of the lands included in power-site reserves 
are, however, still in public ownership. 

RAILROAD RIGHTS OP WAY. 

The lower section of the canyon of Deschutes River is occupied by 
two constructed railroads — the Deschutes Railroad, leased by the 
Oregon-Washington Railroad & Navigation Co., a subsidiary of the 
Union Pacific, and the Oregon Trunk Railway, which is associated 
with the Spokane, Portland & Seattle Railroad and controlled by 
the Hill interests. The Oregon Trunk Railway crosses Columbia 
River near the mouth of the Deschutes and closely parallels the west 
bank south to North Junction, where it crosses to the east side of 
the river, which it follows to the mouth of Willow Creek. It ascends 
Willow Creek to the plateau north of Crooked River and thence con- 
tinues southward, crossing Crooked River by a high bridge west of 
Prineville. The line then passes over the plateau south of Crooked 
River, terminating at Bend. Its total length is 156.9 miles. 

The Deschutes Railroad leaves the main line of the Oregon-Wash- 
ington Railroad & Navigation Co. at Deschutes Junction, near The 
Dalles, and follows the east bank of the Deschutes south to the mouth 
of Trout Creek, using the valley of this stream as a means of exit 
from the Deschutes canyon to the plateau. Between North Junction 
and South Junction and between Metolius and Bend the Deschutes 
Railroad uses the tracks of the Oregon Trunk Railway. From the 
mouth of the Deschutes southward to T. 7 S., R. 14 E., the river is 
thus paralleled by two railroad lines, one on each bank, and thence 
to the mouth of Willow Creek by a single line on the east bank. 

Surveys for these railroads were made in 1908 and 1909. Applica- 
tions for rights of way under the act of March 3, 1875 (18 Stat., 482), 

1 Power-site reserve No. 425, approved March 9, 1914, was created after the preparation of Plate XXVII 
and is not shown thereon. It includes the following areas: 

Willamette meridian. 

T. 12 S., R. 12 E., sec, 33, SW. J of NE. i. 
T. 13 S., R. 12 E., sec. 3, lots 7, 8, and 9. 

sec, 4, lots 2. 3, 6, and 7, SW. i of NE. J, SE. J of N W. i, W. J of SE. i. 

sec,9 NE.JofNE.i. 

sec. 10, NE. i, N.J of NW. }, N. i of SE. i, SE. i of SE, J. 

sec.ll,SW.iofSW.i, 

see. 13, lots 12, 13, and 14. 

sec, 14, lots 3, 5, 6, and 12, N W. i. 

sec.24,SW. JofNE, i. 




MAP SHOWING LANDS WITHDRAWN BY FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 



N TPS. 3 N. TO 7 S.. RS. 9 TO 



7 E. WILLAMETTE MERII 




MAP SHOWING LANDS WITHDRAWN BY FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IN TPS. 8 TO 17 S., RS. 9 TO 16 E. WILLAMETTE MERIDIAN. 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 344 PLATE XXVIll 




MAP SHOWING LANDS WITHDRAWN BY FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IN TPS. 18 TO 27 S., RS. 6'. TO 13 E. WILLAMETTE MERIDIAN. 



1 



RELATION OF GOVERNMENT TO DEVELOPMENT OF POWER. 173 

were promptly filed by both companies and construction work was 
pushed forward with great rapidity, so that by the summer of 1910 
it had practically been completed throughout the canyon. The road 
was completed to Bend in 1911. 

From time to time the right of way applications filed by the com- 
panies for various sections of their roads have been approved by 
the Secretary of the Interior, the last maps having been approved 
January 20, 1914. Some of the maps were approved subject to a 
stipulation on the part of the railway that it would '' elevate its 
tracks * * * in such manner as may be deemed necessary by 
the Secretary of the Interior for the purpose of utilizing to the best 
advantage any public lands * * * for the conservation or use 
of power, power sites, or power purposes." The greater portion of 
the rights of way was, however, granted without stipulations or 
agreements on the part of the railroad companies to make provision 
for the development of water power from Deschutes River. 

The relation of the Oregon Trunk Railway or the Oregon Trunk 
Line, as it was first incorporated, to Deschutes River, is essentially 
the same as that of the Deschutes Railroad. The Oregon Trunk 
Railway is at first but a few feet above the Deschutes, but at the 
west line of sec. 21, T. 2 N., R. 15 E., the railroad begins to climb, 
and on the south line of sec. 35 of this township it passes the Moody 
dam site with the subgrade at approximately 332 feet. United States 
Geological Survey datum. In this 5 miles the average gradient 
is about 0.54 per cent. From the Moody dam site southward the 
grade is level to near the east line of sec. 31, T. 1 N"., R. 16 E., at 
which point the subgrade is about 45 feet above low water in Des- 
chutes River. The railroad then rises approximately with the river 
to sec. 5, T. 1 S., R. 16 E., where the subgrade is 33 feet above low 
water. A second elevation of the tracks relative to the river then 
begins, culminating at the dam site in sees. 5 and 6, T. 2 S., R. 16 E., 
where the railroad is 120 feet above low water. Having passed this 
point, the railroad continues at the same elevation and in consequence 
is only 25 feet above low water in sec. 27, T. 2 S., R. 15 E. The 
railroad then ascends with the river to sec. 26, T. 3 S., R. 24 E. Here 
the railroad begins a third rise with relation to the river, which reaches 
its maximum in lot 2, sec. 3, T. 4 S., R. 14 E., where clearance has 
been provided for a 70-foot dam. The gradient then again becomes 
flat, and in sec. 8, T. 4 S., R. 14 E., the subgrade is 20 feet above low 
water and probably not over 5 feet above high water. A line just a 
few feet above high water is then followed until the railroad leaves 
the river at the mouth of Willow Creek. 

Provision has thus been made by the railroads for the construction 
of only three high-power dams on the lower Deschutes — at the Moody, 



174 DESCHUTES KIVEE, OREGON^. 

the Reclamation, and Sherar Falls power sites. At only one site does 
the present location of the railroads permit the complete utilization of 
the water power as outlined by Mr. McCaustland in another part of 
this report (pp. 124-132). At the Moody site the railroads are 150 
feet above the river — 30 feet less than the proposed height of the 
dam at that site. To secure this additional head at the present time 
would require the relocation of about 16 miles of railroad if present 
grades are not exceeded. No provision has been made for a dam at 
the Lockit site, the railroads at this point being but slightly above 
high water. Full provision was made for the dam at the Reclama- 
tion power site, and no relocation would be necessary at this point 
The Sinamox and Oak Brook sites would, if developed, require the 
relocation of both roads, or about 15 miles of line. 

The railroads at the Sherar Falls power site are 70 feet above low 
water as compared with the 88 feet considered necessary, and 6 
miles of each road would have to be relocated to clear a dam of this 
height, providing that the present maximum gradient were not 
exceeded. At the Oak Springs, Maupin, and Frieda sites both rail- 
roads are at low elevations. Farther up the river at the White 
Horse Rapids and Coleman sites there is only one track to be relo- 
cated. The railroads leave the cany-on below the Mecca, Pelton, and 
Metolius sites. 

It thus appears that of the 14 sites on Deschutes River only four 
can be constructed as outlined by Mr. McCaustland without inter- 
ference from the railroads. Provision for partial development has 
been made at two others. At eight sites there is an absolute conflict 
between the railroads and the power developments proposed, and 
such development must await the time when the power becomes of 
suflB.cient value to warrant the heavy cost of the reconstruction of 
the railroads. The cost of the Deschutes Railroad alone, in that 
portion along the river, was about $60,000 per mile.^ The situation 
is further aggravated by the fact that through railroad rivalries rather 
than because of the needs of the country two parallel and competing 
lines were constructed up the Deschutes, either of which would doubt- 
less serve the territory for years to come. Not only must the public 
in the long run pay for the second and superfluous line of road, but 
it is also saddled with the economic loss resulting from the impairment 
of water-power values. It is probable that one line of road so located 
as to allow for the fullest development of the water powers and equal 
in efficiency to either of the present lines could have been constructed 
for a sum much less than was expended for the existing roads. 

1 Eng. News, vol. 04, p. 139, 1910. 



GOVERNMENT PERMITS FOR POWER SITES. 175 

GOVERNMENT PERMITS FOR POWER AND RESERVOIR 

SITES. 

By N. C. Grover. 

CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS. 

Except as Congress has made special grants of land, no general 
provision has been made for the alienation of lands of the United 
States unless valuable for agriculture or for minerals. Land valuable 
in connection with water-power development, which have passed 
from the control of the Government, have been patented, therefore, 
either as a grant — generally as the result of the use of some form of 
script — or under the guise of mineral or agricultural lands. Until 
recent years no classification of the public lands, except as regards 
minerals, has been attempted. The withdrawal act of June 25, 
1910 (36 Stat., 847), authorized the President to withdraw for cer- 
tain purposes public lands valuable for water power or reservoir 
sites. The classification of lands valuable as power and reservoir 
sites, which had been progressing during the two or three preceding 
years, was continued under this new law. 

BIGHTS OF WAY. 

Land so withdrawn, or other public land desired for use in con- 
nection with the development of water power, may be utilized by 
private parties or corporations under one of several right-of-way 
acts which provide different forms of tenure in accordance with the 
use that is to be made of the developed power. Rights of way ''for 
the construction and maintenance of dams, reservoirs, water plants, 
ditches, flumes, pipes, tunnels, and canals" for municipal, mining, 
and milling purposes within or across national forests are granted by 
the act of February 1, 1905 (33 Stat., 628), under general regulations 
to be prescribed by the Secretary of the Interior, while the act of 
February 15, 1901 (31 Stat., 790), authorizes the issuance of revocable 
permits for the use of rights of way for power and other purposes on 
public lands, both inside and outside of national forests. Rights of 
way for the development of power as subsidiary to the main purpose 
of irrigation are granted under the act of March 3, 1891 (26 Stat., 
1095), as amended by the act of May 11, 1898 (30 Stat., 404). The 
Secretary of the Interior, by amendment dated January 15, 1913, of 
the regulations approved June 6, 1908, concerning rights of way 
through public lands and reservations for canals, ditches, and reser- 
voirs for irrigation, under the act of March 3, 1891, and under the act 
of May 11, 1898, has defined the meaning of ''subsidiary to the main 
purpose of irrigation" as follows: 

The words "for the development of power as subsidiary lo Iho main purpose of irri- 
gation," as used in section 2 of the said ait of May 11, 1898, are not to bo construed as 



176 DESCHUTES RIVER, OREGON. 

authorizing a power use which is merely incidental to the irrigation use. An inci- 
dental feature of an irrigation project may not be subsidiary; for "subsidiary" implies 
not only that the feature is subordinate and inferior to the main purpose, but that it 
is "in aid of" that purpose and a part of it, although in an inferior and tributary 
capacity. Thedevelopmentof power under section 2 of the said act of 1898 is restricted 
to the development of power exclusively for such use as does in fact aid irrigation, 
as the pumping of irrigation water. Any other use of power developed under said 
section 2 is prohibited. 

REVOCABLE PERMITS. 

The law under which developments of hydroelectric power must 
generally be made, however, is the act of February 15, 1901 (31 Stat., 
790), which provides for a revocable permit in the following terms: 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America 
in Congress assembled, That the Secretary of the Interior be, and hereby is, authorized 
and empowered, under general regulations to be fixed by him, to permit the use of 
rights of way through the public lands, forest, and other reservations of the United 
States, and the Yosemite, Sequoia, and General Grant national parks, California, for 
electrical plants, poles, and lines for the generation and distribution of electrical 
power, and for telephone and telegraph purposes, and for canals, ditches, pipes and 
pipe hnes, flumes, tunnels, or other water conduits, and for water plants, dams, and 
reservoirs used to promote irrigation or mining or quarrying, or the manufacturing or 
cutting of timber or lumber, or the supplying of water for domestic, pubHc, or any 
other beneficial uses to the extent of the ground occupied by such canals, ditches, 
flumes, tunnels, reservoirs, or other water conduits or water plants, or electrical or 
other works permitted hereunder, and not to exceed fifty feet on each side of the 
marginal limits thereof, or not to exceed fifty feet on each side of the center line of 
such pipes and pipe lines, electrical, telegraph, and telephone lines and poles, by 
any citizen, association, or corporation of the United States, where it is intended by 
such to exercise the use permitted hereunder or any one or more of the purposes herein 
named: Provided, That such permits shall be allowed within or through any of the 
said parks or any forest, military, Indian, or other reservation only upon the approval 
of the chief officer of the department under whose supervision such park or reserva- 
tion falls and upon a finding by him that the same is not incompatible with the public 
interest: Provided further , That all permits given hereunder for telegTaph and tele- 
phone purposes shall be subject to the provision of title sixty-five of the Revised 
Statutes of the United States, and amendments thereto, regulating rights of way for 
telegraph companies over the pubUc domain: And provided further, That any permis- 
sion given by the Secretary of the Interior under the provisions of this act may be 
revoked by him or his successor in his discretion, and shall not be held to confer any 
right, or easement, or interest in, to, or over any public land, reservation, or park. 

This law appHes to rights of way for power on all public lands out- 
side of the national forests unless used for the main purpose of irriga- 
tion, and for all rights of way for power on lands within national 
forests unless used for the main purpose of irrigation or for municipal 
purposes, mining, or milhng. 

DEPARTMENTAL REGULATIONS RELATING TO PERMITS. 

The administration of the act outside of the national forests is 
under the control of the Secretary of the Interior, whereas within the 
national forests it is under the control of the Secretary of Agricul- 
ture. Each of these secretaries has promulgated regulations pro- 



GOVERNMENT PERMITS FOR POWER SITES. 177 

viding for the issuance of permits under the act. These regulations 
(see 41 L. D., 532, for regulations of the Interior Department, and 
42 L. D., 348, for amendment to these regulations) are essentially 
the same for the two departments and cover the following topics: 

1. Preliminary permits for the purpose of obtaining the data required for an applica- 
tion for final permit. Final permits for the construction, maintenance, and operation 
of power plants. 

2. Method and place of filing applications. 

3. Priority of applications. 

4. Protection of the most beneficial utilization of the site and of prior permittees. 

5. Evidence of right to divert and use the water for the power purposes contem- 
plated by the applicant. 

6. Tenure for 50 years unless sooner revoked by the Secretary. 

7. Definition of terms. 

8. Rates of compensation for the public lands involved. 

9. Evidence of citizenship of the applicant or, if a corporation, evidence of incor- 
poration and of authority to construct and operate the proposed power plant in the 
State in which it is located. 

10. Maps and technical information which must accompany an application for a 
preliminary permit for a power plant of more than 100-horsepower capacity. 

11. Maps and technical information which must accompany an application for a 
final permit for a power plant of more than 100-horsepower capacity. 

12. Maps and technical information which must accompany an application for a 
preliminary permit for a power plant of 100 horsepower or less. 

13. Requirements for an application for a final permit for a power plant of 100 
horsepower or less. 

14. Obligations which must be assumed by an applicant for a final permit for a 
power plant of more than 100 horsepower. 

15. Amendments to maps and plans under certain conditions. 

16. Extensions of time under certain conditions. 

17. Transfer of final permit under certain conditions. 

18. Action to be taken in case of an engineer's false affidavit. 

19. Action to be taken in case of the violation by a final permittee of any of the pro- 
visions of the regulations or conditions of the permit. 

20. Abandonment of a power project under permit or any part thereof. 

21. Procedure in the department from the time of filing of an application for a 
power permit to the issuance of the permit. 

FINAL PEKMITS. 
FORMS USED. 

The form of final permit now followed by the Department of the 
Interior is in general that used in the joint permit of the Secretaries 
of the Interior and Agriculture to the International Power & Manu- 
facturing Co. for the development of a power site on Clark Fork in 
Washington. This permit, which has been published as Senate 
Document No. 147, Sixty-third Congress, first session, is reproduced 
in full below. It shows the essential requirements of the regulations, 
so far as the obligations of the permittee are concerned, but does not 
describe the details of the maps and documents which nmst 
accompany the application. 
48348°— wsp 344—14 12 



178 DESCHUTES RIVEE^ OREGON. 

By act of March 4, 1911 (36 Stat., 1253), Congress provided for 
grants, for periods not exceeding 50 years, of r^hts of way for trans- 
mission for electric power as follows : 

That the head of the department having jurisdiction over the lands be, and he 
hereby is, authorized and empowered, under general regulations to be jSxed by him, 
to grant an easement for rights of way, for a period not exceeding fifty years from the 
date of the issuance of such grant, over, across, and upon the public lands, national 
forests, and reservations of the United States for electrical poles and lines for the 
transmission and distribution of electrical power, and for poles and lines for telephone 
and telegraph purposes to the extent of twenty feet on each side of the center line of 
such electrical, telephone, and telegraph lines and poles, to any citizen, association, 
or corporation of the United States, where it is intended by such to exercise the right 
of way herein granted for any one or more of the purposes herein named : Provided, 
That such right of way shall be allowed within or through any national park, national 
forest, military, Indian, or any other reservation only upon the approval of the chief 
officer of the department under whose supervision or control such reservation falls, 
and upon a finding by him that the same is not incompatible with the public interest: 
Provided, That all or any part of such right of way may be forfeited and annulled by 
declaration of the head of the department having jurisdiction over the lands for non- 
use for a period of two years or for abandonment. 

That any citizen, association, or corporation of the United States to whom there 
has heretofore been issued a permit for any of the purposes specified herein under any 
existing law may obtain the benefit of this act upon the same terms and conditions 
as shall be required of citizens, associations, or corporations hereafter making applica- 
tion under the provisions of this statute. 

The Secretary of the Interior administers this law on pubhc lands 
outside of national forests, and the Secretary of Agriculture adminis- 
ters it within national forests. The regulations of the Secretary of 
the Interior thereunder, dated January 6, 1913 (41 L. D., 454), specify 
that the apphcation shall be presented and considered, except as 
otherwise provided, in the form and manner prescribed by the 
regulations of August 24, 1912 (41 L. D., 150), under the act of 
February 15, 1901 (31 Stat., 790). The conditions imposed on the 
grantee by these regulations are set forth in the grant of right of way 
to the Great Falls Power Co. (41 L. D., 460, 62d Cong., 3d sess.), 
which is followed in other grants under this act. 

PERMIT GRANTED THE GREAT FALLS POWER CO., MONTANA.^ 

On this 6th day of January, 1913, the Great Falls Power Co., a corporation organized 
under the laws of the State of Montana, and having its office and principal place of 
business in Butte, in said State, hereinafter called "the power company," having 
heretofore filed under the act of Congress approved March 4, 1911, chapter 238 (36 
Stat., 1253-1254), in the United States land offices at Helena and Great Falls, in said 
State, its applications (designated as Helena 05776, 05777, 05778, 05779, 05780, and 
05781, and Great Falls 05707) for right of way to the extent therein set forth for two 
transmission lines, and for a telephone line between said transmission lines, all sub- 
stantially parallel, and shown on five maps filed in the said land office at Helena, and 
designated Helena 05777, 05778, 05779, 05780, and 05781, and on the three maps filed 
in the said land office at Great Falls as a part of the application designated Great Falls 

> 62d Cong., 3d sess., Senate Doc. No. 1008. 



GOVERNMENT PERMITS FOR POWER SITES. 179 

05707, and all heretofore constructed over, across, and upon certain public lands and 
reservations of the United States under the jurisdiction of the Department of the 
Interior, which applications are now pending in the Department of the Interior, 
hereby renews and confirms its said applications, amending the same, however, so as 
to ask for such right of way for a period of 50 years over, across, and upon the said public 
lands and reservations to the extent of 20 feet on each side of the center of each of said 
lines shown on said maps, the said public lands and reservations to such extent being 
hereinafter called ''the servient lands," and by way of further amendment the power 
company, in addition to the matters set forth in its said application, does, in considera- 
tion of the granting of the right of way hereby sought, hereby promise and agree for 
itself and its successors that upon and after such grant it will comply with the terms 
and conditions, and will fulfill and perform the promises hereinafter expressed. 

1. The power company will, during said period of 50 years, maintain and continu- 
ously operate for the transmission of electrical power and for telephone purposes, 
respectively, the lines for which right of way is hereby sought, except in so far as this 
promise and condition may be temporarily waived by the Secretary of the Interior 
upon a full showing to his satisfaction that such continuous operation is prevented 
by inevitable accidents or contingencies. 

2. The power company will, within 30 days after the granting of the right of way 
hereby sought, enter into and thereafter fully perform all its obligations under a con- 
tract with the Chicago, Milwaukee & Puget Sound Railway Co., a corporation organ- 
ized under the laws of the State of Washington, and hereinafter called "the railway 
company," for the sale and delivery of electric power to the railway company, in 
form and substance as follows: 

"This agreement, made and entered into this day of , 1912, between 

the Great Falls Power Co., a corporation organized under the laws of the State of 
Montana, party of the first part, hereinafter for convenience referred to as the power 
company, and the Chicago, Milwaukee & Puget Sound Railway Co., a corporation 
organized under the laws of the State of Washington, for convenience hereinafter 
referred to as the railway company, party of the second part, witnesseth: 

"Whereas the said power company is engaged in the business of generating electric 
power or energy from certain hydroelectric works within the State of Montana and 
selling and disposing of said* power or energy; and 

"WTiereas the said railway company is engaged in operating a line of railway 
which lies partly within the State of Montana, and said railway company is desirous 
of .installing equipment and apparatus which will enable the said railway company to 
operate certain portions of its said railway, hereinafter more particularly referred to, 
by means of electric power: Now, therefore, it is agreed between the parties hereto: 

"First. That the said railway company will, as soon as it is expedient for it so to do, 
begin, and that it will prior to the ]st day of January, 1918, complete, the installation 
and equipment of such apparatus, machinery, and motive power as may be necessary 
to enable the said railway company to operate its said line or railway from that certain 
station situated on said line of railway, in Musselshell County, known and designated 
as Harlowton, to that certain other station on said line of railway known as Deer I^odgc, 
situated in Powell County, Mont., and that the said railway company will, on or 
before the 1st day of January, 1918, receive and take from the said power company, 
and that the said power company will, as soon as said railway company shall be ready 
to receive and use said power, and thereafter continuously during the term of this 
contract, sell and deliver to the said railway company, in such manner and quantities 
and upon such terms and conditions as may be hereinafter stipulated, the electric 
power herein contracted for. 

"It is agreed that the railway company will give the power company Iavo years' 
notice in writing of the date when the railway company will begin to use the power 
aforesaid, but it is understood and agreed that the said date when said power shall so 
begin to be used will not in any event be later than January I, 1918. 



180 DESCHUTES EIVEK, OREGON. 

"Second. Subject to the reservations and in accordance with the provisions of 
this agreement as hereinafter stated, the power company hereby sells and agrees to 
deliver to the railway company and the railway company hereby buys and agrees to 
receive from the power company, electric power or energy for operating its railway 
equal to but not at any one time exceeding, except as provided for in articles 9, 10, 
11, and 12, 10,000 kilowatts, for the full period of this agreement. 

''Third. The said power shall be delivered by the power company at its own sole 
cost, to the stations to be established and designated by the railway company between 
Deer Lodge and Harlowton, not exceeding 5 in number, in such amounts as may be 
required by the said railway company for the operation of its said line of railway 
during the term of this contract. Said power to be delivered in the form of 3-phase 
60-cycle alternating electric current at a potential of approximately 50,000 or 100,000 
volts, as may be jointly agreed upon; provided, however, that the voltage at whicli 
said current shall be so delivered when once fixed shall not thereafter be changed 
during the life of this contract, except by mutual agreement of the parties hereto. 

"Fourth. The power company agrees that it will construct such suitable trans- 
mission lines as may be necessary in order to enable it to deliver, and that it will 
deliver, the power herein contracted for at its own cost, to the points, not exceeding 
five in number, as aforesaid, which points shall be located and designated by the said 
railway company between the points aforesaid. The said railway company shall 
receive the current at the points so designated by it at the terminals of air brake, high- 
tension line switches, to be provided by the power company, and shall transform (by 
such apparatus as if may prefer) and conduct it along its said line of railway according 
to its requirements, in such manner as it may see fit. 

"Fifth. It is agreed that the power herein contracted for shall be measured at 
each agreed point of delivery by curve-writing wattmeters operated synchronously 
and integrating watt-hour meters, or such approved instruments for the measurement 
of electric current as may be agreed upon by the parties hereto. 

" It is agreed that the measurement of the said power shall at all times be under the 
control and direction of the said power company, but that the said railway company and 
its duly designated agents shall, at all times, possess the right to make full inspection 
of the methods employed and the instruments and apparatus used for recording such 
measurements and to make any tests or examinations which may be necessary to enable 
the said railway company and its agents to determine the accuracy and reliability of 
such methods as may be pursued and such instruments and apparatus as may be used 
for the recording and measuring of the electric power furnished. 

"It is agreed that the railway company shall install in its substations such trans- 
forming or converting apparatus as, in its judgment, will best meet the requirements 
of its railway operations, provided that such apparatus shall comprise sufficient syn- 
chronous machines or other equivalent means to secure 80 per cent lagging or 80 per 
cent leading power factor of the apparatus affected. The railway company hereby 
grants to the power company the right to install and maintain at the sole cost of the 
power company, in the substations that may be established by the railway company, 
Tirrell ragulators, or such other equivalent device as will operate the railway com- 
pany's synchronous apparatus at any power factor between 80 per cent lagging and 80 
per cent leading of the apparatus affected. 

"Sixth. It is agreed that the railway company will, and it does hereby, bind itself 
to give the power company 12 months' notice in writing of the location of the delivery 
points hereinbefore referred to. The power company agrees that it will, upon the date 
so fixed in said notice by the said railway company, and thereafter during the term of 
this contract, continue to either deliver, or hold in readiness for delivery, to said rail- 
way company such an amount of electric power as the said railway company shall be 
under obligation to receive and use under the terms of this contract. 



GOVERNMENT PERMITS FOR POWER SITES. 181 

"Seventh. It is agreed that the railway company shall, and it does hereby, bind 
itseH to pay to the power company, on the basis of measurements made at such points 
of delivery as are designated by the railway company, for the power or energy deliv- 
ered to it under the terms and provisions of this contract at the rate of $0.00536 (five 
hundred thirty-six thousandths of a cent) per kilowatt-hour, as shown by the instru- 
ments provided for in the fifth clause hereof; said payments to be made not later than 
the 15th day of each calendar month for all power or energy received and used by the 
railway company, or which the said company was under obligation to receive and use 
during the previous calendar month. 

"Eighth. It is agreed that, after a period terminating one year from the date when 
delivery of electric power shall begin under the terms of this contract, and during 
the remaining term of this contract, from the expiration of said period of one year, the 
said railway company shall be obliged, and does hereby agree, to pay to the said power 
company a minimum amount in monthly periods as aforesaid equivalent to 60 per cent 
of the amount which the said railway company would pay to the said power company, 
provided the full amount of power which the said railway company is under obligation 
to take and which the power company is under obligation to deliver had been actually 
delivered by the said power company to and received and used continuously by the said 
railway company, upon the basis of the rate above provided for. 

"Ninth. It is agreed that the railway company shall have the right, to be exercised 
at its option, such option to be exercised by it giving the power company written 
notice thereof, to receive in additon to the amount of power above provided for, an ad- 
ditional amount of not less than 4,000 kilowatts, nor more than 8,000 kilowatts, pro- 
vided that said option to take and receive such additional amount of power is exercised 
by the railway company prior to January 1, 1923 . It beiag understood and agreed that 
in the event of the said railway company so exercising said option that the amount of 
power which it will call for in addition to the original amount of 10,000 kilowatts shall 
become fixed, and thereafter the said railway company will be under obligation to take 
and receive, and the power company will be under obligation to sell and deliver, dur- 
ing the remaining term of this contract, the amount of power which shall be repre- 
sented by the sum of 10,000 kilowatts plus the additional amount which the railway 
company shall have called for under the provisions of its said option. 

"Tenth. It is further agreed that at any time subsequent to January 1, 1923, and 
prior to January 1, 1928, the railway company shall have, and it is hereby given, the 
right, to be exercised at its option, in writing as aforesaid, to take and receive from the 
power company, and the power company shall be under obligation to sell and deliver 
to the said railway company an amount of power, in addition to the amounts previously 
provided for, of not less than 3,500 nor more than 7,000 kilowatts: Provided, That if 
the said railway company shall at any time during the period between January 1, 1923, 
and January 1, 1928, so exercise its option for additional power, then in such event the 
railway company shall be under obligation to take and receive, during the remainder 
of the entire term of this contract, the amount of power represented by the amount 
which the railway company had been under obligation to take and receive, plus the 
amount of power which it shall have called for under the provisions of this option. 

"Eleventh. In the event of the railway company having failed to exercise its option 
for additional power provided for in article ninth hereof, it is understood and agreed 
that the railway company will hereafter possess no right to call for or receive additional 
power except as hereinafter provided for in article twelfth. 

"Twelfth. It is agreed that the railway company shall have, and it is hereby given, 
the right, to be exercised at its option, in writing as aforesaid, of taking power in addi- 
tion to the 10,000 kilowatts herein contracted for, up to the full amount of 25,000 kilo- 
watts at any time subsequent to January 1 , 1918, and prior to January 1, 1928, provided 
it shall have called for under the provisions of this option at least 6,300 additional kilo- 
watts prior to January 1, 1923. 



182 DESCHUTES EIVER, OREGON. 

"It is iij,n-eed that the provisions set forth in article eighth hereof, with reference to 
the minimum payments which shall be made for power delivered under this contract, 
shall apply in like proportion to the amoimt which the railway company shall be under 
obligation to take after having exercised its right with reference to any of the options 
herein expressed, the same as said provision covers the rate of payment to be made 
upon the original amoimt herein contracted for. 

"Thirteenth. If the railway company shall be unable, on account of strikes, fires, 
floods, or other causes beyond its control, to receive or use the power herein provided 
for, or some part thereof, then it is understood and agreed that the railway company 
shall pay for so much power only as can be received and used by it during said period. 
If the power company, by reason of any unavoidable cause or accident, or because of 
strikes, floods, or fires, shall be unable at any time during this contract to make delivery 
of power as herein agreed, then the said power company shall not be liable in any sum 
for such failure so caused to deliver power during such period. 

* ' In the event of this contract being suspended on account of any of the reasons here- 
inbefore enumerated, it is agreed that the period of such suspension shall be added to 
the term of the contract herein provided for, and the contract and all of its provisions 
shall be extended for such period equal to the period of suspension. 

"It is further understood and agreed that if the power company shall at any time 
be permanently enjoined, restrained, or prevented by Federal or State interference, or 
by final judgment or decree of any court of competent jurisdiction, from maintaining 
transmission lines or other works necessary to enable it to perform its engagements here- 
under, the power company shall thereupon be relieved from any obligation thereafter 
to furnish or deliver power under the terms hereof, and the railway company shall like- 
wise be relieved from any obligation thereafter to take or pay for such power. 

"Fourteenth. It is agreed that the railway company shall have a preferential right 
to receive power from the power company, and that up to the full amount which it shall 
have contracted to receive and use the power company will sell and deliver said power 
before filling any other contract. 

" It is agreed that the power company shall hold itself in readiness to furnish all of the 
power herein contracted for up to the maximum amount that the railway company 
shall be entitled to receive continuously so that the railway company shall during the 
full period of this contract, except as otherwise herein provided for, be able to draw 
upon said power company for the full amoimt of power which it shall be entitled to re- 
ceive at such times as may be necessary to meet the requirements of its business. 

"Fifteenth. It is agreed that the power company shall have, and it is hereby granted, 
subject to the right of the railway company to prescribe such reasonable limitations as 
may be deemed by it advisable to insure the safety of its business and to provide for 
the safe conduct of the current or energy transmitted, as hereinafter provided, the right 
to construct transmission lines over, across, along, and upon the right of way of the 
said railway company wherever it may see fit, for the pm-pose of transmitting and 
conducting electrical power or energy, for purposes other than to supply said railway 
company with power, provided, however, that the location of poles and wires shall be 
designated by the railway company, and that notwitlistanding such designation, if 
the railway company afterwards requires the use of the right of way or station grounds, 
or any ])art thereof, for any purpose, the power company will remove, at its own sole 
expense, on 60 days' notice, its poles and wires to another location on the railway com- 
pany's property, if such location can be furnished by the railway company, or if not, 
to a location outside and off the railway company's property, and that the said power 
company shall so conduct such electrical power or energy as will cause no interference, 
damage, or injury to the said railway company or interfere in any manner with any of 
the operations of said railway company, or the telegraph or telephone service along 
its line of railway. In case the power company extends its transmission lines along or 
parallel to the railway company's right of way, then in that event the power company 



GOVEENMENT PERMITS FOE POWEE SITES. 183 

will deliver power and hereby agrees to deliver power at such other points along the 
railway line as best serves the purpose of the railway company. The power company 
further agrees to purchase at a mutually agreed upon price and operate at its own ex- 
pense such transmission lines as may have been built by the railway company on its 
right of way as come within the area of such extension of the power company's trans- 
mission lines. 

"Sixteenth. It is agreed that the railway company shall have the right to receive 
and use the power or current herein provided for in the operation of its railway and 
for such other purposes as it may require electric power or current incidental to the 
operation of its said railway; but that it shall have no right, and it hereby agrees that 
it will not sell or dispose of any of the electric power which it is entitled to receive and 
use under the terms of this contract to any other person or persons or corporations what- 
soever, and that it will not, during the life of this contract, use or apply the said electric 
power or current to any use or purpose other than in connection with the operation of 
its said line of railway, shops, stations, coaling stations, ice houses, and other railway 
uses, either power or lighting. 

"Seventeenth. Any and all questions which shall or may arise touching this agree- 
ment or the construction or performance of any provision thereof shall be submitted to 
the decision of three disinterested persons to be chosen as follows: 

"The railway company shall select one and the power company shall select one, and 
the two thus chosen shall select the third, and the persons thus chosen, after a full hearing 
to both parties and full examination of the matter in dispute, shall determine the same 
in writing, and the decision of the majority of the three persons thus chosen shall be 
final. If either party shall neglect or refuse to appoint an arbitrator on its own part, 
then 10 days after receiving written notice from the other of its appointment of an 
arbitrator on its part, the arbitrator so appointed by the party giving such notice may 
select a disinterested person to act as an arbitrator for and on account of the party so 
notified and refusing or neglecting to appoint an arbitrator on its part, and the two 
thus chosen shall select a third. If the two so chosen in either of the methods above 
provided shall be unable to agree upon a third arbitrator, or shall fail to agree upon a 
third arbitrator, and such inability shall continue for a period of 15 days, then in that 
event the parties hereto shall and may notify the chief justice of the Supreme Court of 
the State of Montana of such fact, and he shall and may appoint said third arbitrator. 
The decision and award of the arbitrators as herein provided, or any two of them, shall 
be binding and conclusive upon the parties hereto with respect to the matters so 
submitted to and decided by said arbitrators. 

"If any arbitrator appointed by either of the parties hereto shall neglect or fail to 
act, notice of such failure shall be served upon the party appointing such arbitrator 
by the other party, and in case such party shall fail to appoint another arbitrator, or 
shall fail to cause the arbitrator first appointed to act, and such failure shall continue 
for a period of 10 days, then the arbitrator appointed by the other party may select a 
disinterested person to act as an arbitrator for and on account of the other party, and 
the two thus chosen shall select a third, and the decision and award of such arbitrators 
or any two of them, shall be binding and conclusive upon said parties hereto with 
respect to the matter so submitted and decided by said arbitrators. 

"The award and decision of the arbitrators under the provisions hereof sliall be 
served by them, or some one for them, upon the parties within 15 days after the time 
when such arbitrators shall make their award. 

"It is fiu'ther mutually agreed that any difference which may arise as to the construc- 
tion of or the transaction of any business under this agreement by the parties liorelo 
shall not interrupt the transaction of such business nor the operation of trains, nor the 
delivery of power, but all said business of either party and operations of trains and the 
delivery of power shall continue in the same manner in which the same shall have 
been transacted prior to the arising of such difference until tlio matter of different^ 



184 DESCHUTES RIVER, OREGON. 

shall have been fully determined by the arbitrators as aforesaid, and thereupon such 
payments or restoration shall be made by the respective parties to the other as may 
be required by the decision or award of said arbitrators. 

"In case any charge made or item embraced in any statement rendered by either 
party to the other shall be contested and submitted to arbitration under the terms 
hereof, and an award shall be made by said arbitrators requiring payment thereof or 
any part thereof, or in case any failure to comply with any other covenant or agreement 
in this contract is alleged by either party against the other, and the same is submitted 
to arbitration as herein provided and decided by said board of arbitration, then the 
losing party shall pay the amount of such award or comply with the terms and require- 
ments thereof; and if it fails so to do, and such failure shall continue for a period of 30 
days after the service of the award, then and in that event the prevailing party shall 
have the right to terminate this agreement according to the terms and provisions 
thereof for and on account of such failure and default. 

' ' Eighteenth. It is agreed that this contract shall be, and it is hereby made, for the 
full term and period of 99 years from and after this date. 

"Nineteenth. It is agreed that the terms and provisions of this contract shall inure 
to the benefit of and its obligations shall be binding upon the successors, grantees, or 
assigns of the respective parties hereto. 

"In witness whereof, the respective parties have caused these presents to be exe- 
cuted in duplicate by their proper ofl&cers, thereunto duly authorized, the day and 
year first above written. 

"Great Falls Power Co., 

"By , 

''Its President. 

"Attest: 



"/te Secretary. 

"Chicago, Milwaukee & Puget Sound Ry. Co., 
"By , 



"/is President. 

'Attest: 



"Jfe Secretary J* 

Said contract having been heretofore tentatively agreed upon by the two said com- 
panies: Provided, First. That nothing contained either in this application, or in the 
grant hereby sought, or in said contract, and especially the section thereof designated 
"eighteenth," shall be construed to give to the power company any right, easement, 
claim, license, or permission to hold, occupy, or use the servient lands for the operation 
or maintenance of electrical transmission lines or for any other piu'pose whatsoever 
after the expiration of 50 years from the date of the grant hereby sought; and the power 
company shall and will, upon the expiration of said 50 years, be deemed and taken to 
be permanently prevented by Federal interference from maintaining transmission 
lines on the servient lands and thereby relieved under the last paragraph of the section 
of said contract designated "thirteenth" from any obligation to furnish and deliver 
power under the terms of said contract unless and until it shall have obtained from the 
United States the right to occupy the servient lands for the maintenance of such lines: 
Provided, Second. That nothing in tliis application or in the grant hereby sought, 
or in said contract and especially the section thereof designated "fifteenth," shall be 
construed to give to the power company or the railway company any right whatsoever 
to occupy or use lands of the United States within the railway right of way for any other 
than railway purposes nor as expressing the acquiescence or consent of the United States 
or of the Secretary of the Interior in or to any such occupancy or use; but the power 
company shall and will make due application to the Secretary of the Interior, or other 
proper officer or agent of the United States, for the right to occupy and use such lands 
for other than railway purposes, and especially for any jnirpose other than to supply 



GOVERNMENT PERMITS FOR POWER SITES. 185 

the railway company with power, and the power company will abide by the decision 
and action of the said Secretary or other officer upon such application. 

3. The power company will never, by reason of or in connection with the right of 
way hereby sought or otherwise, have, exercise, or claim any greater or other rights 
under said contract, with respect to prices to be paid for power by said railway com- 
pany, than it could have rightfully had, exercised, or claimed if the right of way 
hereby sought had been sought and granted without any mention of or reference to 
said contract. 

4. The power company will pay annually, on or before February 1 in each year, by 
certified check to the order of the Secretary of the Interior, a rental charge at the rate 
of 5 mills ($0,005) per thousand kilowatt hours for all energy delivered by it over the 
lines for which right of way is hereby sought during the preceding calendar year of 
the decade beginning on January 1, 1913, whether said delivery is made to the railway 
company under the said contract or otherwise or to other takers; and during each 
decade thereafter a rental charge at such reasonable rate per thousand kilowatt hours 
so delivered to said railway company and to said other takers as the Secretary of the 
Interior may fix before the beginning of each decade for such deliveries, respectively : 
Provided, That the burden of proving that any rate fixed by the said Secretary under 
this paragraph is unreasonable shall be and remain upon the power company: Provided 
further, That if no rate is so fixed for any particular decade, then the rental charge to 
be paid for each year of such decade shall be calculated upon all energy delivered 
during the preceding calendar year over the lines for which right of way is hereby 
sought at the rate per thousand kilowatt hours fixed for the preceding decade: Provided 
further, That any payment duly made by the power company to the head or other 
officer of any department of the Federal Government having jurisdiction over national 
forests or other reservations of the United States occupied or used by any portion of 
the lines for which right of way is hereby sought, such payment having been made 
as or on account of a rental charge for such occupancy and use for any calendar year 
during the said period of 50 years for which right of way is hereby asked, shall be 
credited upon the rental charge imposed under this paragraph for the same year, but 
such credit shall in no case exceed the total of the rental charge so imposed for such 
year. 

5. The power company will install at such places and maintain in good operating 
condition in such manner as shall be approved by the said Secretary accurate meters, 
or other devices approved by the said Secretary, adequate for the determination of the 
amount of electric energy delivered over the lines for which right of way is hereby 
sought, or any part thereof, to the said railway company, and to all other takers, 
respectively, and will keep accurate and sufficient record of the foregoing determina- 
tions to the satisfaction of the Secretary, and will make a return during January of 
each year, under oath, of such of the records of measurements for the year ending on 
December 31 preceding, made by or in the possession of the power company as may 
be required by the said Secretary. 

6. The books and records of the power company will be open at all times to the 
inspection and examination of the said Secretary, or other officer or agent of the 
United States duly authorized to make such inspection and examination. 

7. The lines constructed, maintained, and operated on the servient lands will not 
be owned, leased, trusteed, possessed, or controlled by any device or in any manner 
so that they form part of or in any way effect any combination in the form of an unlaw- 
ful trust, or form the subject of any unlawful contract or conspiracy to limit the output 
of electric energy, or in unlawful restraint of trade with foreign nations or between 
two or more States, or within any one State in the generation, sale, or distribution of 
electric energy or in the transmission of communications by telephone. 

8. The power company will protect in a workmanlike manner, according to the 
usual standards of safety for construction, operation, and maintenance in such cases, 
all Government and other telephone, telegraph, and power transmission lines at 



186 DESCHUTES EIVER, OREGON. 

crossings of and at all places in proximity to the power company's transmission lines, 
and will maintain its transmission and telephone lines in such manner as not to menace 
life or property. 

9. The power company will clear and keep clear all lands owned or controlled by 
the United States along the lines for which right of way is hereby sought to such width 
and in such manner as the ofl&cer of the United States having supervision of such lands 
may direct. 

10. The power company will, to the satisfaction of the officer last above described, 
dispose of all brush, refuse, or unused timber on lands owned or controlled by the 
United States caused by or left from the construction and maintenance of its lines for 
which right of way is hereby sought. 

11. The power company will pay the full value as fixed by the said Secretary for all 
timber cut, injured, or destroyed on lands owned or controlled by the United States 
in the construction, maintenance, and operation of the lines for which right of way 
is hereby sought. 

12. The power company will sell and deliver power to the United States and to the 
State of Montana and to any or all municipal corporations of said State, when requested, 
at as low a rate as is given to any other purchaser for a like use at the same time and 
under similar conditions: Provided, That the power company can furnish the same 
without diminishing the quantity of power sold before such request to any other 
customer by a binding contract of sale: Provided further , That nothing in this clause 
shall be construed to require the power company to increase permanent works or 
install additional generating machinery or construct any transmission line or connec- 
tion beyond the limits of the servient lands. 

13. The power company will do everything reasonably within its power, both 
independently and on request of the Secretary of the Interior or other duly authorized 
officer or agent of the United States, to prevent and suppress fires on or near the servient 
lands. 

14. The power company will maintain a system of accounting of its entire power 
business in such form as the Secreatry of the Interior may prescribe and will render 
annually such reports of the power business as the said Secretary may direct. 

15. The power company will indemnify the United States against any liability for 
damages to life or property arising from its occupancy or use of the servient lands. 

16. The power company with respect to service rendered and power delivered to 
other takers than the railway company over its lines for which right of way is hereby 
sought and with respect to the prices charged and to be charged therefor will comply 
with all such just and reasonable regulations as may be imposed by any duly consti- 
tuted Federal, State, or other governmental authority having jurisdiction in the 
premises: Provided, That if, as to any matters promised by the power company in 
this paragraph, the regulations prescribed by the Federal Government, its officers or 
agents, are in conflict with the regulations prescribed by the State or any duly author- 
ized agency thereof, compliance with the Federal regulations shall be deemed and 
taken to be a fulfillment of the promises of this paragraph in so far as such conflict 
extends and no further. 

17. The power company will not assign or transfer the right of way hereby sought 
to any other person or corporation whatsoever, except with approval in writing first 
obtained from the Secretary of the Interior or other proper officer of the United States, 
and upon conditions prescribed in said written approval by him. The assignee or 
transferee under any such approval shall take and use the right of way subject to all 
the terms, conditions, and promises in this application set forth, and subject to such 
additional terms, conditions, and promises as may be imposed and exacted by such 
written approval. 

18. In respect to the regulation, by any competent public authority, of the services 
to be rendered by the power company or of the prices to be charged therefor, and in 
respect t« any purchase or taking over of the works or business of the power company 



GOVERNMENT PERMITS FOR POWER SITES. 187 

or any part thereof by the United States or by the State of Montana, or by any munici- 
pal corporation of said State, no value whatsoever shall at any time be assigned to or 
claimed for the right of way hereby sought, nor shall said right of way or the grant 
hereby applied for ever be estimated or considered as property upon which the power 
company shall be entitled to earn or receive any return, income, price, or compensa- 
tion whatsoever. 

19. Upon breach by the power company of any of the terms, conditions, or promises 
in this application set forth the United States may have and enforce appropriate 
remedy therefor by specific performance, injunction, action for damages, or otherwise 
in a suit instituted by the Attorney General for that purpose in any court of competent 
jurisdiction. And if any such breach shall be continued or repeated after 30 days' 
notice thereof given in behalf of the United States to the power company, the right 
of way hereby sought, together with all rights thereunder and all moneys paid thereon, 
may be forfeited to the United States by a suit brought on request of the Secretary of 
the Interior by the Attorney General for that purpose in any court of competent 
jurisdiction. 

In witness whereof said Great Falls Power Co. has caused these presents to be exe- 
cuted, in duplicate, by its president and agent and its corporate seal to be hereto 
affixed by its secretary, both thereunto duly authorized, the day and year first above 
written. 

<jrREAT Falls Power Co., 
By John D. Ryan, President. 

Attest: 

P. E. BiSLAND, 

Secretary of the Great Falls Power Co. 

(Corporate seal.) 

In pursuance of the provisions of the act of Congress approved March 4, 1911, chapter 
238 (vol. 36, Stat. L., pp. 1253 and 1254), and in pursuance of general regulations 
thereunder fixed by the Secretary of the Interior, and in consideration of the promises 
by the said Great Falls Power Co. made and set forth in the foregoing application, the 
rights of way over, upon, and across the public lands and reservations of the United 
States under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior, sought by and de- 
scribed in the foregoing application, are hereby granted for the period of 50 years from 
this 7th day of January, 1913, subject, however, to the general regulations under the 
said act fixed by the Secretary of the Interior and to the terms and conditions in said 
application set forth, such grant, subject to said regulations, terms, and conditions, 
having been found by me to be not incompatible with the public interest. This 
grant does not affect national forests or other reservations not under the jurisdiction 
of the Department of the Interior. 

In witness whereof I have subscribed these presents, in duplicate, the day and year 
last above written. 

Walter L. Fisher, 
Secretary of the Interior and 
Head of the Department of the Interior. 

FINAL PERMIT TO INTERNATIONAL POWER & MANUFACTURING CO., OF 

SPOKANE, WASH.' 

FINAL PERMIT INVOLVING POWER. 
[Act, of Feb. 15, 1901 (31 Stat., 790). Regulations of Mar. 1 , 1913.] 

Department of the Interior, 

Washington. 
Applicant: International Power & Manufacturing Co., Spokane, Wash. 
Principal works: Dam and power plant. 

Location: Tpa. 39 and 40 N., R.,43 E., Willamette m(Midian, Washington, on Clark 
Fork or Pend d' Oreille River. 

» 63d Cong., 1st sess., Senate Doc. No. 147, 1913. 



188 DESCHUTES RIVER, OREGON. 

Purpose of occupation and use of public lands: Construction, operation, and main- 
tenance of works for the generation, distribution, and use of electrical power. 
Date of initiation of priority: July 22, 1913. 
Date of initiation of valid rights as against other claimants: July 22, 1913. 

AGREEMENT. 

The International Power & Manufacturing Co., hereinafter called the permittee, a 
corporation organized and existing under and by virtue of the laws of the State of 
Washington, the office and principal place of business of said permittee being at 
Spokane, Wash., being the successor in interest of the Pend d' Oreille Development 
Co., a corporation organized under the laws of the State of Washington and authorized 
by act of Congress approved February 25, 1907 (34 Stat., 931), extended by act of 
Congress, May 20, 1912 (37 Stat., 115), to construct a dam across Clark Fork or Pend 
d' Oreille River, in the State of Washington, for the development of water power, elec- 
trical power, and for other purposes, which said dam was to be constructed, maintained, 
and operated in accordance with and subject to the provisions of the act of Congress 
approved June 23, 1910 (36 Stat., 593), entitled "An act to amend an act entitled 'An 
act to regulate the construction of dams across navigable waters,' " approved June 21, 
1906; and the said permittee in accordance with the provisions of the said act of Con- 
gress approved June 23, 1910, has submitted, under date of June 3, 1912, to the Secre- 
tary of War and the Chief of Engineers of the United States Army, plans and specifi- 
cations and maps showing the location of such dam and necessary works, and the 
said permittee having heretofore filed in the Department of the Interior an applica- 
tion, designated as Spokane .08319, and including the following-described map of 
location : Map of location of reservoir site and power plant, marked Exhibit Jl, bearing 
affidavit of M. H. Gerry, jr., engineer, and certificate of International Power & Manu- 
facturing Co., by Wilbur S. Yearsley vice president, under corporate seal of said com- 
pany, filed in the General Land Office, Washington, D. C, on July 22, 1913; and said 
permittee having filed an application in the Department of Agriculture, including a 
duplicate of said map of location, said applications filed in the Department of the 
Interior and the Department of Agriculture, hereinafter called the final application, 
having been made for the purpose of obtaining permission to occupy and use certain 
lands under the jurisdiction of the said departments for the purposes of the act of Con- 
gress approved February 15, 1901 (31 Stat., 790), for the construction, operation, and 
maintenance of certain works, said lands and works being more particularly described 
in and located and shown by the final application, does hereby amend said final 
application to include this agreement, and furthermore does hereby covenant and 
agree, in consideration of and as a prerequisite to the giving of the permission applied 
for in the final application as thus amended, such permission being hereinafter called 
the permit, that the conditions of the permit, each and every one of which shall at all 
times be binding on the permittee, are as follows: 

Section 1. The following terms, wherever used in this agreement, shall have the 
respective meanings in this section assigned to them: 

(a) "Interior Department lands" means lands under the jurisdiction of the Depart- 
ment of the Interior for the purposes of the act of Congress approved February 15, 
1901 (31 Stat., 790), and "national forest lands" means lands under the jurisdiction 
of the Forest Service of the Department of Agriculture for said purposes. 

(6) "Secretaries" means the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of Agri- 
culture. 

(c) "Power business" means the entire business of the applicant or permittee in 
the generation, distribution, and delivery of power by means of any one power system, 
together with all works and tangible property involved therein, including freeholds 
and leaseholds in real property. 



GOVERNMENT PERMITS FOR POWER SITES. 189 

(d) ''Power system" means all interconnected plants and works for the generation, 
distribution, and delivery of power. 

(e) "Power project" means a complete unit of power development, consisting of a 
power house, conduit or conduits conducting water thereto, all storage or diverting or 
fore-bay reservoirs used in connection therewith, the transmission line delivering 
power therefrom, any other miscellaneous structures used in connection with said 
unit or any part thereof, and all lands the occupancy and use of which are necessary 
or appropriate in the development of power in said unit. 

(/) "Project works" means the physical structures of a power project. 

(g) "Construction of the project works" means the actual construction of dams, 
water conduits, power houses, transmission lines, or some permanent structure neces- 
sary to the operation of the complete power project, and does not include surveys or 
the building of roads and trails, or the clearing of reservoir sites or other lands to be 
occupied, or the performance of any work preliminary to the actual construction of 
the permanent project works. 

(h) "Customer" means the purchaser of electric current for redistribution and sale. 

(i) "Consumer" means the user of current at the point of its final conversion into 
light, heat, or power. 

(j) ' ' Nominal stream flow " means the sum of (a) the average of the values estimated 
for the mean natural flow for the two-month (calendar) minimum-flow period in each 
successive five-year cycle or major fraction thereof, and (6) the increase in such 
average due to artificial means other than the project works. 

(k) "Project storage flow" means the estimated increase in nominal stream flow 
made practicable by the project works. 

(I) "Available stream flow" means the sum of nominal stream flow and project 
storage flow. 

(m) "Load factor" means the ratio of average power output to maximum power 
output. 

(n) "Total capacity of the power site" means the power estimated to be available 
for transmission, and is determined as the continued product of (1) the factor 0.08; 
(2) the average effective head, in feet; (3) the available stream flow at the intake (in 
second-feet and in amount not to exceed the maximum hydraulic capacity of the 
project works) ; and (4) a factor, not less than the average load factor of the power sys- 
tem, representing the degree of practicable utilization of the available stream flow, and 
based on the extent of practicable forebay storage and the load factor of the power 
system. 

Sec. 2. The permit shall be subject to and the permittee shall be governed by the 
provisions of the act of Congress approved February 15, 1901 (31 Stat., 790), and to the 
regulations thereunder fixed by the secretaries. 

Sec. 3. The permit shall relate solely to the occupancy and use of the Interior 
Department lands and national forest lands necessary for the construction, operation, 
and maintenance of such works contemplated by the act of Congress approved Feb- 
ruary 15, 1901 (31 Stat., 790), as are described in the final application, to the extent 
of the ground occupied by such works and not to exceed 50 feet on each side of the 
marginal limits of works other than pipe lines and electrical transmission lines and Hot 
to exceed 50 feet on each side of the center of each pipe line or electrical transmission 
line, in conformity with the location of such works on said lands as shown by the maps 
of location hereinbefore described. 

Sec. 4. The permittee shall construct the project works on the location shown upon 
and in accordance with said maps and plans submitted with the final application, and 
shall make no material deviation from said location unless and until maps and plans 
showing such deviation shall have been submitted and approved by the secretaries. 

Sec. 5. Any approval of any alteration or amendment, or of any map or plan, or of 
any extension of time, shall affect only the portions specifically covered by such 



190 



DESCHUTES KIVEK^ OREGON. 



approval; and no approval of any such alteration, amendment, or extension shall 
operate to alter or amend, or in any way whatsoever be a waiver of any other part, 
condition, or provision of the permit. 

Sec. 6. The permittee shall begin the construction of the project works and of the 
several parts thereof and shall thereafter diligently and continuously prosecute such 
construction to completion unless temporarily interrupted by climatic conditions or 
by some special or peculiar cause beyond the control of the permittee, within the 
respective periods, dating from the issuance of the permit, specified for such beginning 
and for such completion in the following schedule: 

1. Project works as a whole, excepting installation of hydraulic and electric 
machinery, shall be begun within one year and completed within three years. 

2. Installation of hydraulic and electric machinery: Machinery of 50,000 horse- 
power rated capacity shall be installed within three years; and additional machinery 
shall be installed as the conditions of the market will warrant or as the secretaries or 
any duly authorized State agency may direct. 

Sec. 7. The permittee shall, after their completion, operate the project works con- 
tinuously for the development and transmission of electric energy for sale or other dis- 
posal, unless upon a full and satisfactory showing that such operation is prevented by 
unavoidable accidents or contingencies, this requirement is temporarily waived by 
the written consent of the secretaries. 

Sec. 8. No compensation for the permission given will be required prior to the year 
1923; but on or before the first day of February in each year, beginning with 1924, the 
permittee shall pay, by certified check to the order of the Secretary of the Interior, or 
in such other manner as the secretaries may direct, an amount calculated from the 
total capacity of the power site at rates per horsepower per year varying directly as the 
square of the average price for electric energy charged to customers and consumers of 
the permittee as determined in subsection (c) hereof and varying inversely as the 
square of the proportional development of the power site, as shown by the following 
table : 



When the average price in cents 
per Jcilowatt-hour charged by 
the permittee is as shown by 
this column. 



If the percentage of development of power site is- 



Over 90. 



90 and 
over 80. 



80 and 70 and 
over 70. over 60. 



60 and 
over 50. 



„»?! Worless. 



Then the rates of compensation to the United States per horsepower 
per year will be as shown below. 



0.2 and less 

0.3 and over 0.2. 
0.4 and over 0.3. 
0.5 and over 0.4. 
0.6 and over 0.5. 
0.7 and over 0.6. 
0.8 and over 0.7. 
0.9 and over 0.8. 
1.0 and over 0.9. 
1.2 and over 1... 
1.5 and over 1.2. 

2 and over 1.5... 

3 and over 2 

4 and over 3 

Sand over 4 

6 and over 5 . . . . 



$0.05 


$0.06 


$0.08 


$0.10 


$0.14 


$0.20 


.11 


.14 


.18 


.23 


.31 


.45 


.20 


.25 


.31 


.41 


.56 


.80 


.31 


.39 


.49 


.64 


.87 


1.25 


.45 


.56 


.70 


.92 


1.25 


1.80 


.61 


.76 


.96 


1.25 


1.70 


2.45 


.80 


.99 


1.25 


1.63 


2.22 


3.20 


1.01 


1.25 


1.58 


2.06 


2.81 


4.05 


1.25 


1.54 


1.95 


2.55 


3.47 


5.00 


1.80 


2.22 


2.81 


3.67 


5.00 


7.20 


2.81 


3.47 


4.40 


5.74 


7.82 


11.25 


5.00 


6.17 


7.82 


10.00 


13.80 


20.00 


11.25 


13.87 


17.58 


22.95 


31.25 


45.00 


20.00 


24.70 


31.25 


40.80 


55.60 


80.00 


31.25 


38.60 


48.80 


63.80 


86.80 


125.00 


45.00 


55.60 


70.40 


91.80 


125.00 


180.00 



$0.31 

.70 

1.25 

1.95 

2.81 

3.82 

5.00 

6.33 

7.81 

11.25 

17.60 

31.25 

70.40 

12.5.00 

250.00 

281.25 



It is expressly understood and agreed, however, that — 

(a) At any time not less than 10 years after the date for the first payment under this 
section or after the last revision of the rates of compensation the secretaries may review 
such rates after application by or notice to the permittee and impose such new rates 
of compensation, under a rule which shall be uniform for all permittees under like con- 



GOVERNMENT PERMITS FOR POWER SITES. 191 

ditions, as they may decide to be reasonable and proper: Provided, That such rates 
shall not be so increased as to result in reducing the margin of income (including appre- 
ciation in land values) from the project over proper, actual, and estimated expenses 
(including reasonable allowance for renewals and sinking-fund charges) to an amount 
which, in view of all the circumstances (including fair development expenses and 
working capital) and risks of the enterprise (including obsolescence, inadequacy, and 
supersession), is unreasonably small; but the burden of proving such unreasonableness 
shall rest upon the permittee. 

(6) For the purposes of this section complete development of the power site shall 
mean the construction of such permanent project works and the installation of such 
generating equipment as will provide for the full utilization of the total capacity of 
the power site. 

(c) The average price for electric energy charged to customers and consumers of the 
permittee shall be determined by dividing the total actual and estimated annual 
receipts from the sale and disposition of electric energy by the total number of kilo- 
watt hours generated: Provided, That in determining said total annual receipts there 
shall be included estimated receipts for any electric energy used by the permittee 
at a price which shall not be less than 2 cents per kilowatt hour, nor less than the cost 
per kilowatt hour of generating, transmitting, and delivering such energy to the point 
of use, taking into account proper operating and maintenance expenses, fixed charges 
and reasonable allowances for renewals and sinking fund: And provided further, That 
if the permittee shall sell or dispose of electric energy to any consumer, said consumer 
being an association or corporation which the permittee owns or controls in whole or 
in part, or in which the permittee may have, hold, or control any interest, direct or 
indirect, by stock ownership or otherwise, the sale price per kilowatt hour at which 
the aforesaid annual receipts from such energy so sold or disposed of shall be computed 
shall not be less than as herein provided for in the computation of estimated receipts 
for energy used by the permittee: And provided further, That if the permittee shall 
sell or dispose of electric energy to any customer, said customer being an association 
or corporation which the permittee owns or controls in whole or in part, or in which 
the permittee may have, hold, or control any interest, direct or indirect, by stock 
ownership or otherwise, the sale price per kilowatt hour at which the aforesaid annual 
receipts from such energy so sold and disposed of shall be computed shall not be less 
than the price paid for such energy by the consumers thereof, nor less than as herein 
provided for in the computation of estimated receipts for energy used by the permittee. 

{d) Unless otherwise authorized by the secretaries, the maximum price at which 
electric energy developed by or transmitted from the power project may be disposed 
of to customers or consumers shall not exceed 6 cents per kilowatt hour, and the maxi- 
mum price at which such electric energy in excess of 2,000 kilowatt hours per annum 
with an average annual delivery of more than 35 per cent of the connected installation 
within the year may be disposed of to customers or consumers shall not exceed 2 cents 
per kilowatt hour, said maximum price being determined by dividing the total annual 
charge to the purchaser by the corresponding total annual delivery to him of electric 
energy. In contracts with its customers the permittee shall specify the maximum 
price of final sale or resale and shall reserve the right to cancel any contract or agree- 
ment for sale or resale of electric energy that provides for a price in excess of such 
maximum. Complaint by any customer or consumer of a price paid by him in excess 
of such maximum price will be received by the secretaries in case of and after the fail- 
ure of his attempts to obtain satisfaction from the permittee or other parties selling 
electric energy under the power system, and thereupon, after notice to all interested 
parties, with opportunity for hearing, the secretaries will determine whether this con- 
dition has been violated. 

(e) The permittee shall at no time contract for the delivery to any one customer of 
electric energy in excess of 50 per cent of the total deliverable capacity of the power 



192 DESCHUTES RIVEE, OREGON. 

site; nor shall the permittee deliver to any customer or consumer or use in its own 
manufacturing or other operations any amount of energy in excess of 50 per cent of said 
deliverable capacity if and when there are pending unfilled applications for energy 
from other customers or consumers. 

Sec. 9. The total capacity of the power site shall be deemed and taken to be 112,000 
horsepower. 

It is expressly understood and agreed, however, that said total capacity of the power 
site may be adjusted by the secretaries annually to provide for increase or decrease, 
by storage or otherwise, of available stream flow to an amount of 10 per cent or more, 
or for increase or decrease of 10 per cent or more in average effective head, or in degree 
of practicable utilization, and that the decision of the secretaries shall be final as to 
all matters of fact upon which the calculation of the capacity or compensation depends. 

Sec. 10. The permittee shall pay the full value as fixed by the secretaries for all 
timber cut, injured, or destroyed on Interior Department lands and on national forest 
lands in the construction, maintenance, and operation of the project works. 

Sec. 11. The permittee shall pay the United States full value for all damages to the 
lands or other property of the United States resulting from the breaking of or the over- 
flowing, leaking, or seeping of water from the project works, and for all other damage 
to the lands or other property of the United States caused by the neglect of the per- 
mittee or of the employees, contractors, or employees of the contractors of the per- 
mittee. 

Sec. 12. The permittee shall install at such places and maintain in good operating 
condition in such manner as shall be approved or required by the secretaries accurate 
meters, measuring weirs, gages, or other devices approved by the secretaries and ade- 
quate for the determination of the amount of electric energy generated by the project 
works and delivered under the power system and of the flow of the stream or streams 
from which the water is to be diverted for the operation of the project works and of 
the amount of water used in the operation of the project works and of the amounts of 
water held in and drawn from storage; and shall keep accurate and sufficient records 
of the foregoing determinations to the satisfaction of the secretaries; and shall make 
a return during January of each year under oath of such of the records of measurements 
for the year ended on December 31 preceding made by or in the possession of the per- 
mittee as may be required by the secretaries. 

Sec. 13. The books and records of the permittee shall be open at all times to the- 
inspection and examination of the secretaries, or other officer or agent of the United 
States duly authorized to make such inspection and examination. 

Sec. 14. On demand of the secretaries the permittee shall install a system of ac- 
counting for the entire power business in such form as the secretaries may prescribe, 
which system, as far as is practicable, will be uniform for all permittees, and shall 
render annually such reports of its power business as the secretaries may direct: 
Provided^ however, That if the laws of the State in which the power business or any 
part thereof is transacted require periodical reports from public utility corporations 
under a uniform system of accounting, copies of such reports so made will be accepted 
as fulfilling the requirements of this clause in so far as they contain the information 
that may be required by the secretaries. 

Sec. 15. The permittee shall protect all Government and other telephone, telegraph, 
and power transmission lines at crossings of and at all places of proximity to the per- 
mittee's transmission lines in a workmanlike manner according to the usual standards of 
safety for construction, operation, and maintenance in such cases, and shall maintain 
the transmission lines of the project in such manner as not to menace life or property. 

Sec. 16. The permittee shall clear and keep clear the Interior Department lands 
and national forest lands along the transmission lines for such width and in such man- 
ner as the officer of the United States having supervision of such lands may direct. 



GOVERNMENT PERMITS FOR POWER SITES. 193 

Sec. 17. The permittee shall dispose of all brush, refuse, or unused timber on 
Interior Department lands and national forest lands resulting from the construction 
and maintenance of the project works to the satisfaction of the oflacer last aforesaid. 

Sec. 18. The permittee shall build and repair such roads and trails as may be 
destroyed or injured by construction work or flooding under the permit and shall 
build and maintain necessary and suitable crossings for all roads and trails that inter- 
sect the water conduit constructed, maintained, or operated under the permit. 

Sec. 19. The permittee shall do everything reasonably within the power of the 
permittee, both independently and on request of the secretaries or other duly author- 
ized officers or agents of the United States to prevent and suppress fires on or near the 
lands to be occupied under the permit. 

Sec. 20. The permittee shall indemnify the United States against any liability for 
damages to life or property arising from the occupancy or use of Interior Department 
lands and national forest lands by the permittee. 

Sec. 21. The permittee shall sell power to the United States, when requested, at 
as low a price as is given to any other purchaser for a like use at the same time, and 
under similar conditions, if the permittee can furnish the same to the United States 
without diminishing the quantity of power sold before such request to any other 
customer by a binding contract of sale: Provided, That nothing in this clause shall be 
construed to require the permittee to increase permanent works or install additional 
generating machinery. 

Sec. 22. The permittee shall abide by such reasonable regulation of the service 
rendered and to be rendered by the permittee to consumers of power furnished or 
transmitted by the permittee, and of prices to be paid therefor as may from time to 
time be prescribed by the State or any designated agency of the State in which the 
service is rendered : Provided, That for the purposes of this section any such regulation 
shall be deemed to be suspended pending proceedings in the courts of such &tate, or in 
the Supreme Court of the United States on appeal from said State courts where such 
proceedings are in the nature of an appeal taken direct from the officer, commission, or 
board prescribing such regulation to said State courts: And provided further , That in 
the absence of regulation of service and prescribing of prices by any State agency, 
jurisdiction in the premises will, in their discretion, be exercised by the secretaries. 

Sec. 23. Upon demand in writing by the secretaries to surrender the permit to the 
United States or to transfer the same to such State or municipal corporation as the 
secretaries may designate, and to give, grant, bargain, sell, and transfer with the per- 
mit all works, equipment, structures, and property then owned or held by the per- 
mittee on lands of the United States occupied or used under the permit and then val- 
uable or serviceable in the generation, transmission, and distribution of power: 
Provided, (a) That such siurrender or transfer shall not be demanded in the case of a 
municipal corporation unless by condemnation such corporation shall have acquired, 
or unless by proceedings in a court of competent jurisdiction it shall have been de- 
termined that such a municipal corporation has the right to acquire the property of 
the permittee situated elsewhere than on public land, or unless such municipal cor- 
poration has the power to acquire the property and rights of the permittee in accordance 
with the following conditions: (6) That such surrender or transfer shall be on condition 
precedent that the United States shall pay or the transferee shall first pay to the per- 
mittee the reasonable value of all such works, equipment, structures, and property 
to be siu-rendered or transferred; (c) That such reasonable value shall not include any 
sum for any permit, right, franchise, or property granted by any public authority 
in excess of the sum paid to such public authority as a purchase price therefor; and 
(d) That such reasonable value shall be determined by mutual agreement of the parties 
in interest, and in case they can not agree, by the secretaries under a rule whicli. 
except as modified by the requirements of this section, sliall be the then existing rule 
48348''— wsp 344—14 13 



194 DESCHUTES EIVEE, OREGOISr. 

of valuation for power properties in condemnation proceedings in the State in which 
the properties to be surrendered or transferred are located. But nothing herein shall 
prevent the United States or any State or municipal corporation from acquiring by 
any other lawful means the permit or the works, equipment, structures, or property 
then owned or held by the permittee on lands of the United States occupied or 
used under the permit. 

Sec. 24, In respect to the regulation, by any competent public authority, of the 
i«ervices to be rendered by the permittee or of the prices to be charged therefor, and 
in respect to any purchase or taking over of the properties or business of the permittee 
or any part thereof by the United States or by any State within which the works are 
situated or business is carried on in whole or in part, or by any municipal corporation 
in such State, no value whatsoever shall at any time be assigned to or claimed for the 
permit or for the occupancy or use of Interior Department lands or national forest 
lands thereunder, nor shall the permit or such occupancy or use ever be estimated or 
•considered as property upon which the permittee shall be entitled to earn or receive 
any return, income, price, or compensation whatsoever. 

Sec. 25. The works to be constructed, maintained, and operated under the permit 
shall not be owned, leased, trusteed, possessed, or controlled by any device or in any 
manner so that they form part of, or in any way effect any combination in the form 
.of an unlawful trust, or form the subject of any unlawful contract or conspiracy to limit 
the output of electric energy, or in restraint of trade with foreign nations or between 
two or more States, or within any one State in the generation, sale, or distribution of 
•electric energy. Except as in this agreement specifically provided, the permittee 
: shall not agree or arrange in any manner whatsoever with any other party generating 
or disposing of electric energy with a view to the avoidance of competition or the fixing, 
maintenance, or increase of prices for electric energy or service. 

Sec. 26. This permit shall be indeterminate as to time during compliance with the 
conditions of this agreement by the permittee, or imtil the United States or any State 
or municipal corporation shall exercise its option to purchase as provided in section 23. 
It is expressly understood and agreed, however, that the permit may be revoked by 
the secretaries, after due notice to the permittee with opportunity for hearing, on a 
finding by them that any part of the amounts due for the compensation or the charges 
3ierein provided for, after due notice has been given, are in arrears for six months; or 
on a finding by the secretaries that any of the provisions of this agreement or any of 
the regulations of the secretaries or the provisions of the act of Congress to which the 
permit is subject as provided in section 2 hereof have been violated by the permittee. 

It is further understood and agreed that under the terms of said act of Congress *'any 
permission given by the Secretary of the Interior under the provisions of this act 
may be revoked by him or by his successor in his discretion." 

It is further understood and agreed that at intervals of not less than 20 years, on 
application of the permittee or on demand of the secretaries, this agreement and the 
permit shall be modified to conform to the then subsisting regulations fixed by the 
secretaries under said act of February 15, 1901, or amendments thereto. 

Sec. 27. The permittee shall in the exercise of the permission given by the permit, 
at all times conform to and abide by such rules and regulations subserving the purpose 
of any reserved lands of the United States through which right of way is sought as may 
be prescribed by the officer having jurisdiction over such lands. 

Sec. 28. The permit does not affect the rights to the occupancy of lands granted by 
the State of Washington or any rights, privileges, or franchises conferred upon the 
permittee by virtue of the act of Congress approved February 25, 1907 (34 Stat., 931), 
as amended by the act of Congress approved May 20, 1912 (37 Stat., 115), entitled 
"An act to extend the time for the construction of a dam across the Pend d'Oreille 
River, Washington," or impair or affect the rights conferred upon the said permittee 
by compliance with the provisions of the act of Congress approved June 23, 1910 (36 



GOVERNMENT PERMITS FOR POWER SITES. 195 

Stat., 593), entitled "An act to regulate the construction of dams across navigable 
waters." 

Sec. 29. On proper application by the permittee under subsisting regulations fixed 
by the secretaries, the permit may be amended to provide for the construction, opera- 
tion, and maintenance of additional project works and the use of additional rights of 
way for the power project. Any application for such amendment and approval thereof 
shall be i-n the form of a supplemental agreement and permit so drawn as to become a 
part of the original agreement and permit. 

Sec. 30. The permit and the right of way thereby afforded shall be subject to all 
prior valid rights and to a reservation of right of way for canals or ditches constructed 
by authority of the United States. 

In witness whereof the permittee has caused these presents to be executed, in 
triplicate, by its vice president and agent and its corporate seal to be hereto affixed 
by its vice president, both thereunto duly authorized, this 28th day of July, 1913. 

[seal.] International Power & Manufacturing Co., 

By Wilbur S. Yearsley, Vice President. 

Attest: 

N. S. Combs, Jr. 
M. T. Bunch. 

acknowledgment. 
District of Columbia, ss: 

On this 281h day of July, 1913, before me, a notary public in and for said county, 
duly commissioned and sworn, my commission expiring November 6, 1913, personally 
came Wilbur S. Yearsley, to me personally known, who being by me duly sworn, did 
depose and say that he resides in Spokane, Wash.; that he is the vice president of the 
International Power & Manufacturing Co.; that said company is the corporation that 
is described in and that executed the foregoing agreement.; that he knows the seal of 
said corporation; that the seal affixed to the foregoing agreement is such corporate seal 
and was affixed to such instrument by order of the board of directors of said corporation, 
and that he signed his name thereto by like order; and the said Wilbur S. Yearsley 
acknowledged the foregoing agreement to be the free act and deed of said corporation. 

Witness my hand and official seal the day and year first hereinbefore written. 

[Notarial seal.] E. C. Owen, 

Notary Public. 

My commission expires November 6, 1913. 



In pursuance of the act of Congress approved February 15, 1901 (c. 372; 31 Stat., 
790), and in pursuance of the general regulations thereunder fixed, respectively, by 
the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of Agriculture, and in consideration of 
the conditions made and accepted in the foregoing agreement, permission to use the 
right of way through the public lands and reservations of the United States under the 
jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior and the Department of Agriculture 
sought by and described in the application identified in the foregoing agreement is 
hereby given to the said International Power & Manufacturing Co., subject, however, 
to the said general regulations and to the conditions in said agreement, such permission, 
subject to such regulations and conditions, having been found by us to be not incom- 
patible with the public interest. 

In witness whereof we have subscribed these presents, in triplicate, on this 29th 
day of July, 1913. 

Andrieus a. Jones 
Acting Secretary of the Interior. 
D, F. Houston, 

Secretary of Agriculture. 



INDEX. 



A. Page. 

Accuracy of field data, probability of 1&-20 

Acre-foot, definition of 16 

Agriculture, Secretary of, regulations of, con- 
cerning rights of way 17&-178 

Allen's Ranch, near Lava, Oreg., Deschutes 

Riverat 22-24,61,63,94 

Allingham ranger station, near Sisters, Oreg., 

Metolius River at 46 

B. 

Bend, Oreg., Central Oregon canal at 53-54 

Deschutes River at 27-28, 68-69 

Deschutes River at Benham Falls near. 24-26, 

61,63,66 

diversion of water at 149-150 

Pilot Butte canal near 55-56 

power plant near 120-121 

Tumalo Creek near 40 

Benham Falls, near Bend Oreg., Deschutes 

River at 24-26, 61, 63, 66, 68-69 

discharge available for power at 109-110 

diversion of water at * 150 

evaporation at 88 

plate showing 80 

precipitation at 88 

reservoir suggested at 81 

area and capacity of 100-101 

manipulation of storage in 101-105 

use of water from 101 

Biggs, Oreg., Deschutes River at Moody 

near 31-33, 61, 63, 66, 67 

Big Marsh, reservoir site at 81 

Big Marsh outlet near Crescent, Oreg 21, 91-95 

Big River. See Deschutes River, West Fork 
of. , 
Blue Lake, permit for storage of water in 147 



California, diversion of water to another 

State refused by 139, 158 

Central Oregon canal at Bend, Oreg 53-54, 69 

Central Oregon Power Co., plant of, near 

Bend 120-121 

Certificates, water-right, Issue of 135-136 

Clark Fork, profile of, figure showing 74 

Clearwater River, profile of, figure showing . . 74 
Cline Falls, Oreg., Deschutes River near. . 29-30,70 

plate showing , 76 

Coleman power site, description of 128 

map of 128 

Colorado, suit of Kansas against 140-141 

Columbia River, profile of, figure showing ... 74 
Columbia Southern canal near Laidlaw, Oreg. 58^9 
Columbia Southern irrigation project taken 

over by State 105 



Control, definition of 17 

Cooperation of Nation and State, proposed. 154-157 
Crane Prairie, proposed storage of water at . . 81, 

150, 151 

Crescent, Oreg., Big Marsh outlet near 21 

Crescent Lake outlet near 34, 91-95 

East Fork of Deschutes River at 34-36, 94 

Crescent Lake, description of 15-16 

permit for storing water in 147 

reservoir site at 81, 151 

Crescent Lake outlet near Crescent, Oreg. . 34, 91-95 
Crooked River at Steam's ranch, near Prine- 

ville, Oreg 44-45 

description of 13-14 

diversion from 78-79, 108-109 

near Post, Oreg 43 

irrigation rights on 148 

near Prineville, Oreg 62 

power development on 76, 121 

permit for 147-148 

profile of, figure showing 74 

springs entering 90 

suggested reservoir on, area and capacity 

of 117 

manipulation of storage at 118-120 

water of, quality of 85-86 

D. 

Davis Lake, description of 15 

not available as a reservoir site 81 

Definitions of stream-flow terms 16-17 

Deschutes Land Co., irrigation proposed by. 150-151 
Deschutes Power Co., plant of, on Crooked 

River 121 

Deschutes Railroad, right of way of 172-174 

Deschutes River at Allen's Ranch, near 

Lava, Oreg 22-24, 61, 63, 94 

at Bend, Oreg 27-28 

comparison of, with Deschutes River 

at Benham Falls 68-69 

at Bend, Laidlaw, and Cliae Falls, com- 
parison of 69-70 

at Benham Falls, near Bend Oreg- 24-26,61,63,66 

at Laidlaw, Oreg 28-29 

at Mecca, Oreg 30-31 

at Mecca and Moody, comparison of 71 

at Moody, near Biggs, Oreg. . 31-33, 61, 63, 66, 67 

at Moro, Oreg 63, 66, 67 

at West's Ranch, near Bend, Oreg 24-26 

canyon of, description of 76 

plate showing 76 

constant flow of 64 

description of 9-13, 74-75 

diversions from 79-81, 91 

East Fork of, at Crescent, Oreg 34-36, 94 

diversion from 151 

197 



198 



INDEX. 



Page. 
Deschutes River, hydrograph comparing 

flow at stations on 70 

near Cline Falls, Oreg 29-30 

near Lapine, Oreg 22 

plan and profile of. At end of volume. 

power profile of 122 

profile of, figure showing 74 

tributaries of 13-15 

water rights on 146-153 

West Fork of, diversion from" 81-82 

near Lapine, Oreg 36 

near Lava, Oreg. 36-37 

possible irrigation proj ect on 91 

Deschutes River and tributaries, discharges 

of, comparison of 91-95 

Deschutes River basin, map of -0 

Dischar-ge relation, definition of 17 

Diversion, future, effect of, on discharge. . . 113-116 
Domestic use of water, preference given to. . 72 

protection for 82 

Duty of water 89 

E. 

Elliott's ranch, near Prineville, Oreg., Ochoco 

Creek at 45 

Equivalents, tables of 17-19 

Evaporation from reservoirs, data on 86-88 

F. 

Fall River, discharge of 90 

Falls on Deschutes River near Bend, plate 

showing 80 

Forest Service, regulations of 144 

withdrawals of lands recommended by . . 168 

Frieda power site, description of 128 

map of 128 

G. 

Gaging stations, list of 20-21 

Grandview, Oreg., Metolius River at Hub- 
bard's ranch near 47 

Whitewater Creek at mouth, near 49-50 

Great Falls Power Co., Montana, text of per- 
mit granted to 178^187 

Grover, N. C, Government permits for power 

and reservoir sites 175-195 

Introduction 9-16 

H. 

Henshaw, F. F., Availability of the water 

supply 86-120 

Stream flow 16-71 

Heroy, W. B., Developed water powers in the 

Deschutes drainage basin 120-122 

The relation of the Federal Government 
to the development of water 
power in the Deschutes basin.. 159-174 

Horse Rapids power site, map of 128 

Hubbard's ranch, near Grandview, Oreg., 

Metolius River at 47 

I. 

Idaho, diversion of water to another State 

refused by 158 

Interior, Secretary of the, action of, on with- 
drawals of water-power lands. . 168-171 



Page. 

Interior, Secretary of the, regulations of 144 

regulations of, concerniag permits for 

rights of way 176-178 

International Power & Manufacturing Co., of 
Spokane, Wash., text of permit 

granted to 187-195 

Irrigation, data on, accuracy of 84-85 

existing rights for 147, 152 

preference to, over manufacturing 72-74 

possible projects for 77-81, 83-84, 91-109 

J. 
Jacks Creek power site on Metolius River, 

description of 131 

map of 130 

Jefferson Creek power site, description of. . 130-131 
John Day project, withdrawal of lands for . 170, 171 

K. 

Kansas v. Colorado, suit of 140-141 

Kinney, C. S., cited 143 

Klamath River near Keno, Oreg., evapora- 
tion from 86 



Laidlaw, Oreg., Columbia Southern canal 

near 58-59 

Deschutes River at 28-29, 70 

Tumalo Creek near 38-40, 62 

Wimer canal near 57-58 

Lake Creek near Sisters, Oreg 49 

Lake Tahoe at Tahoe, Cal., evaporation from. 87 
Lakes near sources of Deschutes River, de- 
scription of 15-16 

Land, reclamation of 11 

Lands, public, classification of 175 

public, rights of way over 175-178 

status of 160 

use of water affected by 142 

water rights on 160-167 

withdrawals of, by President, author- 
ized by Congress 169 

withdrawals of, in the Deschutes 

basin 170-172 

maps showing 172 

Lapine, Oreg., Deschutes River near 22 

West Fork of Deschutes River near '36 

Lava, Oreg., Deschutes River at Allen's 

ranch near 22-24, 61, 63, 94 

West Fork of Deschutes River near 36-37 

Laws, water-right, need of revision and ex- 
tension of 158-159 

Lewis, John H., Economic distribution of 

water of Deschutes River 72-86 

views of 11 

Water rights and appropriations 132-159 

Little River, a name for upper Deschutes 

River 16 

Lockit power site, description of 12i 

map of 126 

Low- water period, duration of 65-61 



McAllister's ditch near Bisters, Oreg 59-60 

McCaustland, E. J,, Undeveloped power 

sites 122-132 

Maupin power site, description of 127-121 

map of 126 



INDEX. 



199 



Page. 

Mecca, Oreg., Deschutes River at 30-31, 71, 116 

Mecca power site, description of 128-129 

map of 128 

Metolius power site, description of 129 

map of 128 

Metolius River at AUingham ranger station, 

near Sisters, Oreg 46 

at Hubbard's ranch near Grandview, 

Oreg 47 

at Riggs ranch near Sisters, Oreg 47-48, 64 

description of 14-15, 129-130 

diversion from 77-78 

near Sisters, Oreg 62, 67 

plan and profile of. At end of volume. 

power development on 76 

power profile of 122 

profile of, figure showing 74 

Metolius River and tributaries, low-water 

discharge of 65 

Metric measures, equivalents of 18 

Middle Fork, a name for upper Deschutes 

River 15 

Miner's inches, equivalents of 18 

Moody, near Biggs, Oreg., Deschutes River 

at 31-33, 61, 63, 67, 71, 114-115, 66 

Moody power site, description of 125-126 

map of 124 

Moro, Oreg. , Deschutes River at 63, 66, 67 

Moses Lake at Neppel, Wash., evaporation 

from 87 

N. 
National control, need for, over interstate 

streams 139-141 

New York, diversion of water to another State 

refused by 139 

Nitrogen, extraction of, from the air 153-154 

Norton, T. H., cited 154 



Oak Brook power site, description of 126-127 

map of 126 

Oak Springs power site, description of 127 

map of 126 

Ochoco Creek at Elliott's ranch, near Prine- 

ville, Oreg 45 

Odell Lake, description of 15 

reservoir site at 81, 151 

Opal Spring, opals in 14 

permit for irrigation near 147 

Oregon, cooperation of, with United States 
Geological Survey and United 

States Reclamation Service 155 

irrigation project constructed by . 150 

old water rights in, determination and 

record of 134-136 

water laws of 132-134 

water-power policy of 145-146 

Oregon Conservation Commission cited 73 

State electric plants proposed by 146 

Oregon Trunk Railway, right of way of 172-174 

Oregon-Washington Railroad & Navigation 

Co., right of way of 172-174 



Pacific Power and Light Co., plant of, on 

White River 121-122 

Paulina Creek, irrigation rights on 148 



Paulina Lakes, reservoir site at 81, 82 

Pelton power site, description of 129 

map of 128 

PUot Butte canal near Bend, Oreg 55-56,69 

Post, Oreg., Crooked River near 43 

Power, amount of, at different rates of dis- 
charge 111-113 

development of, from water used for irri- 
gation 116-117 

methods of 122-123 

permits issued for 147-148 

possibilities of 75-77, 83-84, 109-120, 124 

preference to other uses of water over. 72-74 

withdrawals of lands for 167-172 

market for 123-124 

new uses for 153-154 

old claims for 151-152 

prices for 153-154,157 

Power plants in the Deschutes drainage 

basin 120-122 

Power-site reserve No. 425, areas included by 

footnote, 172 
Precipitation, estimated, at Benham Falls. . . 88 
Prineville, Oreg., Crooked River at Steam's 

ranch near 44-45 

Crooked River near 62 

Ochoco Creek at Elliott's ranch near 45 

Pringle Falls, claim for water-power right at. 151 

permit for power development at 148 

Publications, earlier 21 

Public interest, protection of 138 

R. 
Railroads, elevation of tracks of. .... . 10-11, 173-174 

rights of way of 172-174 

Rainfall, effect of, on run-off 64 

Reclamation, State proj ect for 81 

Reclamation power site, description of 126 

map of 126 

Regulation of Deschutes River for power de- 
velopment, mass curve showing. 112 

Reliability of field data, discussion of 19-20 

Riggs power site on Metolius River, descrip- 
tion of 130 

map of 130 

Riggs ranch near Sisters, Oreg., Metolius 

Riverat 47-48,64 

Rio Grande Dam & Irrigation Co., suit of 

United States against 141, 142-143 

Riparian rights, treatment of 138-139, 142 

Roosevelt, President, cited 167 

Run-off, definition of 16 

effect of rainfall on G4 

S. 
Salt Creek, proposed power development 

on 151-152 

Second-foot, definition of 16 

Second-foot per square mile, definition of 16 

Sherar Falls power site, description of 127 

map of 126 

Shitike Creek at Warm Spring, Oreg 50 

Sinamox power site, description of 126 

map of 126 

Sisters, Oreg. , Lake Creek near 49 

McAllister's ditch uoiir 59-00 

Metolius River at AUingham ranger sta- 
tion near 46 



200 



INDEX. 



Page. 
Sisters, Oreg., Metolius River at Riggs ranch 

near 47-48,64 

Metolius River near 62, 67 

permit for irrigation near 147 

Squaw Creek near 41-42, 62 

Snake River, profile of, figure showing 74 

Spokane, Portland & Seattle Railroad, right 

of way of 172-174 

Spokane River, profile of, figure showing 74 

Spring River, discharge of 90 

Squaw Creek, diversion from 78 

irrigation rights on 148 

near Sisters, Oreg 41-42, 62 

State control of water, limits of 139-141 

State laws, uniformity in, unattainable 157-158 

Steam's ranch, near Prineville, Oreg., 

Crooked River at 44-45 

Storage of water at Benham Falls 113 

locations for 81-82 

manipulation of, studies of 96-109 

Suttle Lake, dam site at 77 

permit for storage of water in 147 

Symons, Lieut. T. W., cited 15 

T. 

Terms for stream flow, definitions of 16-17 

Tule Lake at Merrill, Oreg., evaporation from. 87 

Tumalo Creek, irrigation rights on 148 

near Bend, Oreg 40-41 

near Laidlaw, Oreg 38-40,62 

permit for diversion from 147 

possible diversions from 78, 105-108 

suggested reservoir on, possible manipu- 
lation of 106-108 

Tygh Creek at Tygh Valley, Oreg 52 

Tygh Valley, Oreg., White River near 51-52 

U. 

Umatilla project, withdrawal of lands for. . 170, 171 
United States, control of water-power de- 
velopment by, legal basis for... 159-167 

indirect control of water by 142-145 

V. Rio Grande Dam & Irrigation Co., suit 

of 141,142-143 

V. Utah Power & Light Co., decision on. 161-167 
United States Geological Survey, cooperation 

of Oregon with 155 

withdrawal of lands recommended by 168- 

169, 170-171 



United States Reclamation Service, coopera- 
tion of, with Oregon 155 

efficient work by 156-157 

withdrawals of lands recommended by 168, 

170-171 
Utah Power & Light Co., suit of United States 

against, decision on 161-167 

V. 

Van Winkle, Walton, Quality of water 85-86 

W. 

Warm Spring, Oreg., Shitike Creek at 50 

Warm Springs River near 51 

Warm Springs Indian Reservation, descrip- 
tion of 76-77 

Warm Springs River near Warm Spring, 

Oreg 51 

Water, duty of 89 

laws of Oregon concerning 132-134 

old rights to, determination and record 

of 134-136 

quality of 85-86 

return of 89-91 

three principal uses of 72 

Water board, Oregon, powers and duties of. 133-138 
Water rights, fundamental principles of — 135-136 

mode of granting 136-137 

old comity records of 148-149 

indefiniteness of 148-152 

pending applications for 153 

protection of 137 

West's ranch, near Bend, Oreg., Deschutes 

River at 24-28 

White Horse Rapids power site, description 

of 12S 

Map of 128 

White River, near Tygh Valley, Oreg 51-52 

power plant on 121-122 

water of, quality of 85-86 

Whitewater Creek at mouth, near Grandview, 

Oreg 4&-50 

Whitewater power site on Metolius River, 

description of 130 

map of 130 

Wimer canal near Laidlaw, Oreg 57-5S 

Wimer reservoir, permit for storing water in. l'»7 

Z. 
Zero flow, point of, definition of 17 



O 



U. S, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
GEORGE OTIS SMITH. DIRECTOR 

STATE OF OREGON 
JOHH H LEWIS. STATE ENGINEER 



PER 344 PLATE III A 




U S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

GEORGE OTIS SMITH. DIRECTOR 

STATE OF OREGON 

JOHN H LEWIS, STATE ENGINEER 



PLAN AND PROFILE OF 

DESCHUTES RIVER. 

COLUMBIA RIVER TO PRINGLE FALLS. OREGON 



VATER-SUPPLV PAPER 344 PLATE III B 




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U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

GEORGE OTIS SMITH. DIRECTOR 

STATE OF OREGON 

JOHN H. LEWIS. STATE ENGINEER 



PLAN AND PROFILE OF 
DESCHUTES RIVER- 
COLUMBIA RIVER TO.PRINGLE FALLS. OREGON 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER : 




U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR 

STATE OF OREGON 

JOHN H, LEWIS. STATE E NGINEER 



PLAN AND PROFILE OF 

DESCHUTES RIVER. 

COLUMBIA RIVER TO PRINGLE FALLS. OREGON 



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U. S, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
GEORGE OTIS SMITH. DIRECTOR 
STATE OF OREGON 
JOHN H. LEWIS. STATE I 



PLAN AND PROFILE OF 

DESCHUTES RivER. 

COLUMBIA RIVER TO PRINGL F FALLS. OREGON 




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GEORGE OTIS SMITH. DIRECTOR 

STATE OF OREGON 

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STATE OF OREGON 

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COLUMBIA RIVER TO PRINGLE FALLS, OREGON 



ATER-SUPPLY PAPER 344 PLATE 




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U S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

GEORGE OTIS SMITH. DIRECTOR 

STATE OF OREGON 

JOHN H LEWIS. STATE ENGINEEI 



PLAN AND PROFILE OF 

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SURVEY 

GEORGE OTIS SMITH. DIRECTOR 

STATE OF OREGON 

JOHN H. LEWIS, STATE ENGINEER 



PLAN AND PROFILE OF 

DESCHUTES RIVER. 

COLUMBIA RIVER TO PRINGLE FALLS OREGON 



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U. S- GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
GEORGE OTIS SMITH. DIRECT; 

STATE OF OREGON 
JOHN H LEWIS, STATE E 



PLAN AND PROFILE OF 

DESCHUTES RIVER 

COLUMBIA RIVER TO PRINGLE FALLS. OREGOh 



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GEORGE OTIS SMITH. DIRECTOR 

STSTE OF OREGON 

JOHN H- LEWIS. STATE ENGINEER 



PLAN AND PROFILE OF 

DESCHUTES RIVER. 

COLUMBIA RIVER TO PRINGLE FALLS. OREGON 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 344 




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U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
GEORGE OTIS SMITH. DIRECTOR 
STATE OF OREGON 
. LEWIS. STATE ENGINEER 



PLAN AND PROFILE OF 
METOLiUS RIVER AND LAKE CREEK. 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 344 




Vertical scale 1 inch - 2u i^- - 
Contour interval on land 25 fo' 
Contour interval on river surface i 



U. S. GEOLOGrCAL SURVEY 
GEORGE OTIS SMITH. DIRECTOR 

STATE OF OREGON 
JOHN H. LEWIS. STATE ENGINEER 



PLAN AND PROFILE OF 

METOLIUS RIVER AND LAKE CREEK, 

OREGON 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 344 PLATE I 




R. B. Marshall. Chlel Geo£r. 
T, G Getdine, GeogMpher 
Topography by A. T. Fowie 



Vertical scale 1 inch = 20 feet 

Contour interval on-land 25 feet 

Contour interval on river surface 5 feet 

Datum is mmn sea level 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
GEORGE OTIS SMITH. DIRECTOR 

STATE OF OREGON 
JOHN H. LEWIS. STATE ENGINEER 



PLAN AND PROFILE Ol^ 

METOLIUS RIVER AND LAKE CREEK. 

OREGON 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 344 PLATE IV C 



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